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LibreOffice 4.0

Math Guide

The LibreOffice Equation Editor

Copyright

This document is Copyright © 2011-2013 by its contributors as listed below. You may distribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU General Public License (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html), version 3 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), version 3.0 or later. All trademarks within this guide belong to their legitimate owners.

Contributors

Jean Hollis WeberHazel RussmanLaurent Balland-Poirier

Feedback

Please direct any comments or suggestions about this document to: documentation@global.libreoffice.org

Acknowledgments

This guide is adapted and updated from the OpenOffice.org 3.3 Math Guide. The contributors to that book are:

Daniel CarreraAgnes BelzunceTJ Frazier

Peter KupferIan Laurenson Janet M. Swisher

Jean Hollis WeberMichele Zarri

Additional material has been added from the German Math Handbuch for LibreOffice 3.4 (translated to English by Hazel Russman). Contributors to that book are:

Regina HenschelChristian KühlFlorian Reisinger

Gisbert Friege (Dmaths)Jochen Schiffers

Additional material has been added from the French How-To Math for LibreOffice (translated to English by Laurent Balland-Poirier). Contributors to that book are:

Bernard SiaudFrédéric Parrenin

Publication date and software version

Published 3 July 2013. Based on LibreOffice 4.0.4. Documentation for LibreOffice is available at http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/documentation

Contents

Publication date and software version.........................................................................................2

Who is this book for?...................................................................................................................6

Where to get more help...............................................................................................................6

What you see may be different....................................................................................................7

What are all these things called?.................................................................................................8

Using LibreOffice on a Mac..........................................................................................................9

Who wrote this book?..................................................................................................................9

Frequently asked questions.........................................................................................................9

What is Math?.....................................................................................................................11

Getting started....................................................................................................................11

Creating an equation as a separate document...........................................................................11

Inserting a formula into a Writer document................................................................................12

Entering a formula.............................................................................................................13

The Elements window................................................................................................................13

Right-click (context) menu.........................................................................................................15

Greek characters.......................................................................................................................16

Changing a formula...........................................................................................................18

Choosing the region to alter.......................................................................................................18

Carrying out changes.................................................................................................................18

Formula layout...................................................................................................................19

Brackets are your friends...........................................................................................................19

Brackets with matrices look ugly!...............................................................................................19

Isolated and unpaired brackets..................................................................................................20

Recognizing functions in Math...................................................................................................20

Equations over more than one line............................................................................................21

How do I add limits to my sum/integral?.....................................................................................21

How do I write a derivative?.......................................................................................................22

Markup characters as regular characters...................................................................................22

Text in a formula........................................................................................................................23

How do I align my equations at the equals sign?.......................................................................23

Changing the appearance of formulas............................................................................24

Changing the font size...............................................................................................................24

Changing the font......................................................................................................................25

Adjusting spacing in formulas....................................................................................................26

Changing the alignment.............................................................................................................28

LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide3

Changing the color.....................................................................................................................29

Formulas in Writer documents.........................................................................................29

Numbering equations.................................................................................................................29

Text mode..................................................................................................................................31

Background, borders, and size..................................................................................................31

Creating a formula library...........................................................................................................32

Fast insertion of formulas...........................................................................................................32

Formulas in Calc, Impress, and Draw..............................................................................32

Graphical properties..................................................................................................................32

Combining formulas with text.....................................................................................................33

Formulas in charts.....................................................................................................................34

Formula editor as a floating window...........................................................................................34

Add button to toolbar.................................................................................................................35

Add keyboard shortcut...............................................................................................................35

Customizing the catalog.............................................................................................................36

Customizing operators...............................................................................................................38

Space at the end of a formula....................................................................................................38

Default layout with style.............................................................................................................39

Application to chemical formulas................................................................................................40

Export and import..............................................................................................................40

Export as MathML......................................................................................................................40

Microsoft file formats..................................................................................................................42

Flat XML....................................................................................................................................43

Dmaths - an extension for more than just faster formula input..................................................43

Symbolic computation with CmathOOo and CmathOOoCAS....................................................45

Technical details................................................................................................................45

OASIS Open Document Format for Office applications..............................................................45

Handling of formulas in Basic....................................................................................................45

Math commands - Reference............................................................................................48

Unary / binary operators............................................................................................................48

Set operations............................................................................................................................50

4LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

Characters - Greek...................................................................................................................58

Characters - Special..................................................................................................................58

Reserved words in alphabetic order...........................................................................................59

LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide5

Preface

Who is this book for?

LibreOffice Math is an equation (formula) editor. Anyone who wants to get up to speed quickly with

Math will find this book valuable.

If you have never used LibreOffice Math before, or you want an introduction to all of its components, you might like to read Getting Started with LibreOffice 4.0 first.

Where to get more help

This book, the other LibreOffice user guides, the built-in Help system, and user support systems assume that you are familiar with your computer and basic functions such as starting a program, opening and saving files.

Help system

LibreOffice comes with an extensive Help system. This is your first line of support for using

LibreOffice.

To display the full Help system, press F1 or go to Help > LibreOffice Help on the main menu bar. In addition, you can choose whether to activate Tips, Extended tips, and the Help Agent by going to Tools > Options > LibreOffice > General on the main menu bar. If Tips are enabled, hover the mouse pointer over any of the icons to see a small box (tooltip) with a brief explanation of the icon's function. For a more detailed explanation, select Help > What's This? on the main menu bar and hover the pointer over the icon.

Free online support

The LibreOffice community not only develops software, but provides free, volunteer-based support. See Table 1 and this web page: http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/

Table 1: Free support for LibreOffice users

Free LibreOffice support

Ask LibreOfficeQuestions and answers from the LibreOffice community http://ask.libreoffice.org/en/questions/ DocumentationUser guides, how-tos, and other documentation. Mailing listsFree community support is provided by a network of experienced users

FAQsAnswers to frequently asked questions

http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/Faq International supportThe LibreOffice website in your language.

International mailing lists

Accessibility optionsInformation about available accessibility options.

6LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

You can get comprehensive online support from the community through mailing lists and the Ask

LibreOffice website, http://ask.libreoffice.org/en/questions/. Other websites run by users also offer

free tips and tutorials. This forum provides community support for LibreOffice: http://en.libreofficeforum.org/ This site provides support for LibreOffice, among other programs: http://forum.openoffice.org/en/forum/

Paid support and training

Alternatively, you can pay for support services. Service contracts can be purchased from a vendor or consulting firm specializing in LibreOffice.

What you see may be different

LibreOffice runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems, each of which has several versions and can be customized by users (fonts, colors, themes, window managers).

Illustrations

The illustrations in this guide were taken from a variety of computers and operating systems. Therefore, some illustrations will not look exactly like what you see on your computer display. Also, some of the dialogs may be different because of the settings selected in LibreOffice. You can either use dialogs from your computer system or dialogs provided by LibreOffice (default). To change to using LibreOffice dialogs if settings have been altered:

1)On Linux and Windows operating systems, go to Tools > Options >LibreOffice > General

on the main menu bar to open the dialog for general options.

2)On a Mac operating system, go to LibreOffice > Preferences > General on the main

menu bar to open the dialog for general options.

3)Select Use LibreOffice dialogs in Open/Save dialogs and/or, in Linux or Mac OSX

operating systems only, Print dialogs to display the LibreOffice dialogs on your computer display.

4)Click OK to save your settings and close the dialog.

Icons The icons used to illustrate some of the many tools available in LibreOffice may differ from the

ones used in this guide. The icons in this guide have been taken from a LibreOffice installation that

has been set to display the Galaxy set of icons. If you wish, you can change your LibreOffice software package to display Galaxy icons as follows:

1)On Linux and Windows operating systems, go to Tools > Options >LibreOffice > View on

the main menu bar to open the dialog for view options.

2)On a Mac operating system, go to LibreOffice > Preferences > View on the main menu

bar to open the dialog for view options.

3)In User interface > Icon size and style select Galaxy (default) from the options available in

the drop-down list.

4)Click OK to save your settings and close the dialog.

NoteSome Linux operating systems, for example Ubuntu, include LibreOffice as part of the installation and may not include the Galaxy icon set. You should be able to download the Galaxy icon set from the software repository for your Linux operating system.

Preface7

What are all these things called?

The terms used in LibreOffice for most parts of the user interface (the parts of the program you see and use, in contrast to the behind-the-scenes code that actually makes it work) are the same as for most other programs. A dialog is a special type of window. Its purpose is to inform you of something, or request input from you, or both. It provides controls for you to use to specify how to carry out an action. The technical names for common controls are shown in Figure 1. In most cases we do not use the technical terms in this book, but it is useful to know them because the Help and other sources of information often use them. Figure 1: Dialog (from Calc) showing common controls

1)Tabbed page (not strictly speaking a control).

2)Radio buttons (only one can be selected at a time).

3)Checkbox (more than one can be selected at a time).

4)Spin box (click the up and down arrows to change the number shown in the text box next to

it, or type in the text box).

5)Thumbnail or preview.

6)Drop-down list from which to select an item.

7)Push buttons.

In most cases, you can interact only with the dialog (not the document itself) as long as the dialog remains open. When you close the dialog after use (usually, clicking OK or another button saves your changes and closes the dialog), then you can again work with your document. Some dialogs can be left open as you work, so you can switch back and forth between the dialog and your document. An example of this type is the Find & Replace dialog.

8LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

Using LibreOffice on a Mac

Some keystrokes and menu items are different on a Mac from those used in Windows and Linux. The table below gives some common substitutions for the instructions in this chapter. For a more detailed list, see the application Help.

Windows or LinuxMac equivalentEffect

Tools > Options menu

selectionLibreOffice > PreferencesAccess setup options

Right-clickControl+clickOpens a context menu

Ctrl (Control)⌘ (Command)Used with other keys

F5Shift+⌘+F5Opens the Navigator

F11⌘+TOpens the Styles and Formatting window

Who wrote this book?

This book was written by volunteers from the LibreOffice community, as listed on the Copyright page. Profits from sales of the printed edition will be used to benefit the community.

Frequently asked questions

How is LibreOffice licensed?

LibreOffice is distributed under the Open Source Initiative (OSI) approved Lesser General Public License (LGPL). The LGPL license is available from the LibreOffice website:

May I distribute LibreOffice to anyone?

Yes.

How many computers may I install it on?

As many as you like.

May I sell it?

Yes.

May I use LibreOffice in my business?

Yes.

Is LibreOffice available in my language?

LibreOffice has been translated (localized) into over 40 languages, so your language probably is supported. Additionally, there are over 70 spelling, hyphenation, and thesaurus dictionaries available for languages, and dialects that do not have a localized program interface. The dictionaries are available from the LibreOffice website at: www.libreoffice.org.

How can you make it for free?

LibreOffice is developed and maintained by volunteers and has the backing of several organizations.

How can I contribute to LibreOffice?

You can help with the development and user support of LibreOffice in many ways, and you do not need to be a programmer. To start, check out this webpage:

Preface9

May I distribute the PDF of this book, or print and sell copies? Yes, as long as you meet the requirements of one of the licenses in the copyright statement at the beginning of this book. You do not have to request special permission. In addition, we request that you share with the project some of the profits you make from sales of books, in consideration of all the work we have put into producing them.

10LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

What is Math?

Math is LibreOffice's component for writing mathematical and chemical equations. It is most commonly used as an equation editor for text documents, but it can also be used with other types of documents or stand-alone. When used inside Writer, the equation is treated as an object inside the text document. NoteThe equation editor is for writing equations in symbolic form, as in equation 1. If you want to evaluate a numeric value, see the Calc Guide.df(x) dx=ln(x)+tan-1(x2)(1) or

NH3+H2O⇌NH4

++OH-Getting started You can create an equation (formula) as a separate document or insert it into a document in Writer or another component of LibreOffice.

Creating an equation as a separate document

To create an equation as a separate document, open the Math component of LibreOffice using one of these methods: •On the menu bar, choose File > New > Formula. •On the standard toolbar, click the triangle to the left of the New icon and choose Formula. •From the Start Center, click Formula.

An empty formula document opens (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: An empty formula document

Getting started11

The upper area is the preview window, where the equation will appear during and after input. The lower area is the equation editor, where the markup code for the equation is entered. The floating

Elements window will also appear.

Inserting a formula into a Writer document

To insert a formula into a Writer document, open the document and then choose Insert > Object >

Formula from the menu bar.

The formula editor opens at the bottom of the Writer window, and the floating Elements window appears. You will also see a small box with a gray border in your document, where the formula will be displayed, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Equation Editor, Elements window, and location of resulting equation in Writer TipIf the Elements window is missing, show it with View > Elements. When you are done entering the formula, you can close the editor by pressing the Esc key or by clicking an area outside the formula in the main document. A double-click will open the editor again, so you can edit the formula. Formulas are inserted as OLE objects. In a Writer document, the formula is anchored as a character, so it is embedded in the continuous text. You can, as with any other OLE object, change the anchor and make the formula floating. In Calc, Impress, and Draw documents, formulas are embedded as floating OLE objects. If you frequently need to insert formulas, it is advisable to add the Formula button to the Standard toolbar or create a keyboard shortcut. See "Add button to toolbar" or "Add keyboard shortcut" on page 35.

12LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

Entering a formula

The equation editor uses a markup language to represent formulas. For example, %beta creates the Greek character beta (β). This markup is designed to read similar to English whenever possible. For example, a over b produces a fraction: a b.

You can enter a formula in three ways:

•Select a symbol from the Elements window. •Right-click on the equation editor and select the symbol from the context menu. •Type markup in the equation editor. The context menu and the Elements window insert the markup corresponding to a symbol. This provides a convenient way to learn the LibreOffice Math markup. NoteClick on the document body to exit the formula editor. Double-click on a formula to enter the formula editor again.

The Elements window

The simplest method for entering a formula is the Elements window.

Figure 4: Symbols are divided into categories

The Elements window is divided into two main parts. •The top shows the symbol categories. Click on these to change the list of symbols. •The bottom shows the symbols available in the current category. TipYou can hide or show the Elements window with View > Elements.

Example 1:

5×4For this example we will enter a simple formula:

5×4. On the Elements window:

1)Select the top-left button of the categories (top) section.

2)Click on the multiplication symbol.

Entering a formula13

Figure 5: Selecting the multiplication symbol

When you select the multiplication symbol on the Elements window, two things happen:

•The equation editor shows the markup: times •The body of the document shows a gray box like this:❑×❑

Figure 6: Result of selecting the multiplication symbol The symbols shown in Figure 6 are placeholders that you can replace by other text, for example 5 and 4. The equation will update automatically, and the result should resemble Figure 7. TipDuring edition of a formula, reserved placeholders are indicated by squares in the formula and in the command window. You can navigate through these placeholders thanks to F4 and Shift+F4. TipTo keep the equation from updating automatically, select View >AutoUpdate display. To update a formula manually, press F9 or select View > Update.

14LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

Figure 7: Result of entering 5 and 4 next to the times operator

Right-click (context) menu

Another way to access mathematical symbols is to right-click on the equation editor. This pops up the menu shown in Figure 8. The items in this menu correspond to those in the Elements window, with some extra commands.

Figure 8: Right-click (context) menu

NoteNeither the window elements, nor the context menu contains a complete list of commands. For some seldom-used commands, you must always enter the markup. A complete list of commands can be found in Appendix A to this manual, page 48.

Markup

You can type the markup directly in the equation editor. For example, you can type 5 times 4 to obtain 5×4. If you know the markup, this can be the fastest way to enter a formula. TipThe formula markup resembles the way the formula reads in English.

Entering a formula15

Below is a short list of common equations and their corresponding markup.

DisplayCommandDisplayCommand

a2a^2ana_n ∫f(x)dxint f(x) dx ∑ansum a_n a×ba times bx⋅yx cdot y

Greek characters

Greek characters (α,β,γ,θ, etc) are common in mathematical formulas. These characters are

not available in the Elements window or the right-click menu. Fortunately, the markup for Greek characters is simple: Type a % sign followed by the name of the character, in English. •To write a lowercase character, type the name of the character in lowercase. •To write an uppercase character, type the name of the character in uppercase. •To write in italic, add an i between % sign and the name of the character. A complete table of Greek characters is provided on page 58. See the table below for some examples. LowercaseUppercaseItalic lowercaseItalic uppercase %alpha →β%BETA →Β%ibeta →β%iBETA →Β%gamma →ψ%PSI →Ψ%ipsi →ψ%iPSI →Ψ%phi →ϕ%PHI →Φ%iphi →ϕ%iPHI →Φ%theta

→θ%THETA→Θ%itheta→θ%iTHETA→ΘAnother way to enter Greek characters is by using the Symbols catalog window. Choose Tools >

Catalog. This window is shown in Figure 9. Under Symbol set, select Greek and double-click on a Greek letter from the list. The markup name of the character is shown below the list window.

16LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

Figure 9: Symbols catalog, used for entering Greek characters and some special symbols

Example 2:π≃3.14159

For this example we will suppose that:

•We want to enter the above formula (the value of pi rounded to 5 decimal places). •We know the name of the Greek character (pi). •But we do not know the markup associated with the ≃ symbol. Step 1: Type % followed by the text pi. This displays the Greek character π. Step 2: Open the Elements window (View > Elements).

Step 3: The

≃ symbol is a relation, so we click on the Relations button. If you hover the mouse over this button you see the tooltip Relations (Figure 10). Figure 11 shows the Elements window after clicking the Relations button. The symbol we want is circled.

Figure 10: Tooltip indicates the

Relations button

Figure 11: After selecting Relations

Step 4: Click on the a

≃b symbol. The equation editor now shows the markup %pi simeq

Entering a formula17

Step 5: Delete the text, press the F4 key and type 3.14159 at the end of the equation. We end up with the markup %pi simeq 3.14159. The result is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Final result

Changing a formula

You can change a formula at any time. To switch into edit mode, double-click on the formula.

Choosing the region to alter

To get to the appropriate section in the markup code, do any one of the following: •In the equation editor, click on the location. •Select an area of the markup code that you wish to change. •Click on an element in the preview area; the cursor will automatically move to the corresponding point in the equation editor. •Double-click on an element in the preview area; the corresponding section in the equation editor will be selected. To be able to work in the upper (preview) area in the stand-alone Math window (Figure 2), the formula cursor must be activated. Use the Formula Cursor button on the Tools toolbar.

Carrying out changes

You can change an equation by overwriting selected text or by inserting new markup code at the cursor position. TipLibreOffice also provides a means of carrying out alterations directly in the preview area. This is still under development and therefore counts as "experimental". In order to make use of it, you must first carry out the following configuration change: go to Tools > Options > LibreOffice > General and check the box for Enable experimental (unstable) features. The activation of this option makes it impossible, by clicking on a formula element, to gain access to the corresponding position in the markup code.

18LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

CautionThe use of experimental features can lead to program crashes and/or loss of data. Only make the above change if you can accept this risk.

Formula layout

The most difficult part of using LibreOffice Math comes when writing complicated formulas. This section provides some advice.

Brackets are your friends

LibreOffice Math knows nothing about order of operation. You must use brackets to state the order of operations explicitly. Consider the following examples.

MarkupResultMarkupResult

2 over x + 12

x+12 over {x + 1}2 x+1- 1 over 2 -1

2- {1 over 2} -1

2 In the first example, Math has recognized that the 2 before and the x after the over belong to the fraction, and has represented them accordingly. If you want x+1 rather than x to be the denominator, you must bracket them together so that both will be placed there. In the second example, Math has recognized the minus sign as a prefix for the 1 and has therefore

placed it in the numerator of the fraction. If you wish to show that the whole thing is negative, with

the minus sign in front of the fraction, you must put the fraction in brackets in order to signify to

Math that the characters belong together.

The braces belong solely to the layout of the markup code and are not printed. If you wish to use braces in the formula, use the commands lbrace and rbrace.

Compare the following examples:

MarkupResultMarkupResult

x over {-x + 1} x -x+1x over lbrace -x + 1 rbrace x {-x+1}Brackets with matrices look ugly! For background, we start with an overview of the matrix command.

MarkupResult

matrix { a # b ## c # d }ab cd NoteRows are separated by two #'s and entries within each row are separated by one #.

Formula layout19

The first problem people have with matrices is that brackets do not scale with the matrix:

MarkupResult

( matrix { a # b ## c # d } ) (ab

cd)LibreOffice Math provides scalable brackets. That is, the brackets grow in size to match the size of

their contents. Use the commands left( and right) to make scalable brackets.

MarkupResult

left( matrix { a # b ## c # d } right) (ab cd)TipUse left[ and right] to obtain square brackets. The list of all available brackets is on page 54. TipIf you want all brackets to be scalable, go to Format > Spacing. Then in the Spacing dialog, choose the category Brackets and check the option Scale all brackets. These scalable brackets may also be used with any element, such as fraction, square root, and so on.

Isolated and unpaired brackets

Math expects that for every opening bracket there will be a closing one. If you forget a bracket, Math places an inverted question mark by the corresponding bracket. The inverted question mark disappears when all the brackets are matched. Sometimes forgetting a bracket causes the whole structure of the formula to fall apart. However, an unpaired bracket is sometimes necessary. In such cases, you have two options. With non-scalable brackets, use a preceding backslash \ to indicate that the following character should not be regarded as a bracket but as a literal character. So the half-open interval [a;b[ is represented by \[a;b\[ - try comparing this with [a;b[ Scalable brackets can also be unpaired. The same half-open interval is represented by left [ a; b right [ For scalable brackets, you can also use the command none to replace a non-existent paired bracket. ∣x∣={xforx≥0 -xforx<0 can be represented by abs x = left lbrace stack {x "for" x >= 0 # -x "for" x < 0} right none

Recognizing functions in Math

In the basic installation, Math outputs variables in italics. If you enter a function, Math usually recognizes it and outputs it normally. If Math fails to recognize a function (a list of recognized functions begins on page 48), you can inform Math about it. Enter the markup code func before the function, and the following text will be recognized as a function.

20LibreOffice 4.0 Math Guide

Some functions recognized by Math need to be followed by numbers or variables. If these are missing, Math puts an inverted red question mark ¿ in their place, which you can only remove by

correcting the formula: enter a variable or a number, or a pair of empty braces { } as a placeholder.

TipYou can navigate through errors using F3 and Shift+F3.

Equations over more than one line

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