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Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Protection

and Resilienc e

Guidelines for

Critical

I nfrastructure and Equipment

February

5 th , 2019

Version

2.2

Developed by the

National

Coordinating Center for

Communications (NCC)

National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center

Arlington, Virginia

Note: These guidelines do not endorse

any referenced product, company, service, or information external to DHS. Ver sion 2.2 - 5 February 2019

Guidelines are subject to change and

only represent the views of the NCC.

UNCLASSIFIED

EMP Protection Guidelines UNCLASSIFIED

Note: These guidelines do not endorse

any referenced product, company, service, or information external to DHS.

Version 2.2 - 5 February 2019

Guidelines are subject to change and

only represent the views of the NCC.

Executive Overview

This document

provides guidelines to assist federal, state, and local officials and critical infrastructure owners and operators to protect mission essential equipment against electromagnetic pulse (EMP) threats. It was created to help fulfill the Secretary of Homeland

Security's responsibilities to:

"... provide strategic guidance, promote a national unity of effort, and coordinate the overall Federal effort to promote the security and resilience of the Nation's critical infrastructure. " [Presidential Policy Directive 21 - Critical Infrastructure Security and

Resilience

"... ensure ... the necessary combination of hardness, redundancy, ... to obtain, to the maximum extent practicable, the survivability of NS/EP {national security/emergency preparedness} communications ..." [Executive Order 13618, Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Communications Functions]

"... be the focal point within the Federal Government for all EMP technical data and studies concerning telecommunications." [Title 47 Part 215 of the Code of Federal

Regulations (CFR)]

These guidelines also respond to the U.S.

Congressional EMP Commission's recommendation that the "Department of Homeland Security should play a leading role in spreading knowledge of the nature of prudent mitigation preparations for EMP attack to mitigate its consequences." [Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack, Critical National Infrastructures, page 181, 2008]. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) takes seriously the findings of this Commission, such as: "The critical national infrastructure in the United States faces a present and continuing existential threat from combined arms warfare, including cyber and manmade electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, as well as from natural EMP from a solar superstorm. During the Cold War, the U.S. was primarily concerned about an EMP attack generated by a high-altitude nuclear weapon as a tactic by which the Soviet Union could suppress the U.S. national command authority and the ability to respond to a nuclear attack - and thus negate the deterrence value of assured nuclear retaliation. Within the last decade, newly- armed adversaries, including North Korea, have been developing the ability and threatening to carry out an EMP attack against the

United States. Such an attack would give

countries that have only a small number of nuclear weapons the ability to cause widespread, long lasting damage to critical national infrastructures, to the United States itself as a viable country, and to the survival of a majority of its population." [Assessing the Threat from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), Executive Report , July 2017] There are four EMP Protection Levels defined herein, as outlined in Table 1. These levels were initially developed at the request of the federal Continuity Communications Managers Group (CCMG), but are applicable to any organization that desires to protect its electronics and critical infrastructures. For additional background on EMP, a set of reports can be found at "www.firstempcommission.org " that includes information about high-altitude EMP (HEMP), Source Region EMP (SREMP), and Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) EMP.

EMP Protection Guidelines UNCLASSIFIED

Note: These guidelines do not endorse

any referenced product, company, service, or information external to DHS.

Version 2.2 - 5 February 2019

Guidelines are subject to change and

only represent the views of the NCC. Table 1. Four EMP Protection Levels for Infrastructure and Equipment

Level 1: Lowest cost;

longer mission outages permitted

Level 2: Only hours

of mission outages are permitted

Level 3: Only minutes

of mission outages are permitted

Level 4: Only seconds

of mission outages permitted

Unplug power, data,

and antenna lines from spare equipment where feasible.

Turn off equipment

that cannot be unplugged and is not actively being used

Use at least a lightning

rated surge protection device (SPD) on power cords, antenna lines, and data cables; maintain spare SPDs

Have either EMP

protected backup power or a generation source that is not connected to the grid with one (1) week of on-site fuel or equivalent (e.g., renewable source).

Wrap spare

electronics with aluminum foil or put in Faraday containers.

Use priority phone

services like GETS

WPS (for cell phones),

and TSP; join SHARES if applicable (see

Appendix C).

Consider land mobile

radios with standalone capabilities , HF radios, and FirstNet.

Store one week of food, water, and other

supplies for personnel.

Use battery operated

AM/FM/NOAA radios

to receive Emergency

Alerts. In addition to Level 1 ...

Use EMP-rated SPDs

on power cords, antenna lines, and data cables to protect critical equipment.

Use on-line/double-

conversion uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) or a high quality line interactive UPS.

Use fiber optic cables

(with no metal); otherwise use shielded cables, ferrites, and SPDs.

Note: shielded racks,

rooms or facilities may be more cost-effective than hardening numerous cables.

Use EMP protected

backup power that is not vulnerable to EMP coupled through the power grid.

Implement EMP

protected, high frequency (HF) voice and email for long- distance communications.

Consider

geosynchronous (GEO) orbit satellite services, like BGAN. Avoid low- earth orbit (LEO) satellite services. Use terminals that are

EMP resilient.

Consider shortwave radio for situational

awareness. In addition to Level 2 ...

Use International

Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC) EMP

and IEMI protection standards (IEC SC 77C series, see Appendix F).

Shielding should be 30+

dB of protection through 10 GHz.

Use EMP shielded racks,

rooms, or facilities to protect critical computers, data centers, phone switches, industrial and substation controls and other electronics.

Use "Recommended E3

HEMP Heave Electric

Field Waveform for the

Critical Infrastructures"

from EMP Commission for grid and undersea cable protection planning. Use 85 V/km for CONUS E3 threat

Use EMP tested SPDs

and eq uipment.

Institute IEC level

hardness maintenance & surveillance (HM/HS).

Have 30 days of EMP

protected power/fuel.

Store 30 days of food,

water, and critical supplies and spares.

Use time-urgent EMP

resilient comms, like X,

Ku and Ka satellite, and

either HF groundwave or Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) HF. In addition to Level 3 ...

Use Military EMP

Standards (like MIL-

STD-188-125-1 and

MIL-HDBK-423), and

80+ dB hardening

through 10 GHz.

Use EMP shielding in

r oom s, racks, and buildings as needed to protect critical equipment.

Use EMP protected

double-door entryways.

Validate per Military

guidelines, like Test

Operations Procedure

(TOP) 01-2-620 HEMP.

Have 30+ days of Military Standard

protected power and fuel , plus alternate generation source (re newables preferred).

Consider double surge protection on critical

external lines entering

EMP protected areas.

Consider using communications systems/networks that are designed to meet

Military EMP

standards, like:

Advanced EHF (

AEHF satellite, EMP protected fiber optic networks, and EMP protected radios.

Institute ongoing

Military Standard

HM/HS programs.

EMP Protection Guidelines UNCLASSIFIED

Note: These guidelines do not endorse

any referenced product, company, service, or information external to DHS.

Version 2.2 - 5 February 2019

Guidelines are subject to change and

only represent the views of the NCC. Level 1 begins with low-cost methods and best practices to help protect critical infrastructure from severe damage . An important aspect of Level 1 protection is ensuring that personnel have backup power and the food, water, and other essential supplies needed to operate and maintain their mission- critical systems, given that normal services and supply chains are likely to be disrupted in some reasonable scenarios for a week (or longer). Level 2 guidelines are based on using EMP-capable filters and surge arresters on power cords, antenna lines, and data cables, as well as installing fiber optics and ferrites, where possible, to protect critical equipment. These will mitigate the majority of EMP equipment vulnerabilities when EMP facility shielding is not feasible and are expected to be the most cost-effective approach for hardening limited equipment in facilities. Levels 1 and 2 are for organizations where days or hours of mission interruptions can be tolerated and for which "cost to harden" is a critical factor.

Level 3 guidelines are appropriate for

organizations, facilities, and systems that cannot tolerate more than a few minutes of mission outage due to EMP, in order to effectively protect life, health, and security. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) EMP and IEMI protection standards (IEC SC 77C series, see Appendix F), serve as the foundation for planning and protecting critical infrastructures and equipment that are in this category.

For EMP Protection Levels 3 (and 4),

electromagnetically shielded racks and rooms are used to prevent electromagnetic (EM) fields and currents from reaching mission critical equipment. At Level 3, shielding against high frequency EMP should provide at least 30 dB of protection through 10 GHz (in other words, the EMP field strength should be attenuated by a factor of at least 97% by the shielding). Level 4 guidelines are for organizations/missions/systems that cannot tolerate more than a few seconds of outage and where immediate life and safety are at stake. U.S. Military EMP Standards supporting critical and time urgent command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence (C4I) missions serve as the foundation for planning and protecting critical infrastructures and equipment in this category. Examples of missions where this apply are nuclear command and control and Presidential conferencing. However, this level of protection may also be appropriate for non-military related systems and missions, such as nuclear power plant controls, medical life- support systems, and time-critical air traffic control functions. At Level 4, shielding against high frequency EMP should provide at least 80 dB of protection through 10 GHz (in other words, the EMP field strength should be attenuated by a factor of at least 99.99% by the shielding). Levels 3 and 4 also use hardness maintenance and hardness surveillance (HM/HS) programs to

verify that the EMP shields are effective and that the EMP barrier's integrity is maintained over the

life cycle of the system. A properly designed barrier with penetration protection for all power, data and antenna cables will make equipment behind it safe from wide variations of external EM fields, including HEMP, SREMP, and IEMI threats. Level 3 allows the use of commercial standards for design ing protection and performing HM/HS in a more cost-effective manner compared to Level 4. Given the growing risks associated with EMP and IEMI related threats, it is hoped that

organizations that support essential functions will quickly achieve at least a Level 1 or 2 capability.

The costs of achieving Level 3 or 4 protection are small when compared to the life and mission risks averted. For example, Level 3 protection can be achieved for many sites for far less than 1% of the system cost. Even the most expensive Level 4 protections are only expected to cost 1% to 5% of overall new system costs, if planned from the onset versus retrofitted into existing systems.

EMP Protection Guidelines UNCLASSIFIED

Note: These guidelines do not endorse

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