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KINGRENEDWANJOUANDHIS

SEVENQUEENS

HEROINESOFGENOAANDTHERIVIERAS.YETC.

WITHCOLOUREDFRONTISPIECEANDTHIRTY-FIVE

OTHERILLUSTRATIONS

FIDESVITATSERVATA

KingRené'

sMotto

LONDON

NORRISSTREET,HAYMARKET

MCMXII

MYBROTHERVERNON

AND

HISWIFEETHEL

CONTENTS

CHAPTERI

INTRODUCTORYUKINGRENE

CHAPTERII

YOLANDADWAEEAGONAUr.

aUA eat30U66

CONTENTS

CHAPTERIII

YOLANDAD'AEEAOONAUrr.

.crown

CHAPTERIV

ISABELLEDELORRAINE

haslostitsloveAmouretFoy94

CHAPTERV

JEANNED'AEcUXLArucum

CONTENTSix

PAGES remorseUThememoryofJeanned'Are143U173

CHAPTERVI

MARIEDWANJOU

CHAPTERVII

GIOVANNAn.orNAPLES

o ofCalabria,raisesthe[aginvain216

CONTENTS

CHAPTERVIII

naaeuzarrsD'ANJOU PAGES

CHAPTERIX

ATIONS

THECREST

Frontispiece

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS

QUEENS,JUDGES,ANDKNIGHTS

QUEENGIOVANNAII.DANAPOLI

HOMAGEorAVASSAL

KINGANDQUEENINSTONE

KINGRENEANDGUARINIDAVERONA

QUEENMARGUERITEDWANJOU

BEFORETEEXLISTS

KINGRENEINHISSTUDY

AGRICULTURALPURSUITS

QUEENJEHANNEDELAVAL

ST.MADELEINEPREACHING

XTEEBURNINGBUSH

KINGRENE(circa1470)

PREFACE

KINGRENE.DWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENSUyes,

Istandbymytitle,andoffernoapologytothe

captionsandthecurious. himbuthisname?OfhissevenQueens,twoonly dWAnJouandJeannedWArc,Uandtheirstoriesas notknownevenbynametothemajorityofpeople deLorraine,JehannedeLaval,GiovannaII.da

Napoli,JeannedWArcandMargueritedWAnjou.

tothoseinsearchofnovelty. menandwomenaremymeasure,andsuchyouwill xiii xivPREFACE theageofchivalry.AttheendofthevolumeI haveaddedaBibliography,forthebene4tof toassistthecasualreader.

Theillustrationswhichadornmypageshave

beengatheredfrommanysources.Ithinkthey respecttoportraitsofmyQueens,Ythereareno

MarieisafteraFrenchpictureoftheSchoolof

beentertainingcompanyIamrepaid.

EDGCUMBESTALEY.

1399.
1408.
1411.
1417.
1420.
1422.
1424.
1429.
1431.
1433.
1434.
1435.
1437.
1441.
1442.
1445.
1448.
1453.
1455.
1463.
1465.
1470.
1473.
1480.
1482.

1498.CHRONOLOGY

BirthofRenedWAnjou.

MarriageofRenéandIsabelledeLorraine.

QueenYolandadies.

MarriageofMargueritedWAnjouandHenryVI.

OrderoftheCroissantestablished.

QueenIsabelledies.

MarriageofRenéandJehannedeLaval.

QueenMariedies.

QueenMargueritedies.

QueenJehannsdies.

KINGRENEDWANJOUANDHIS

SEVENQUEENS

CHAPTERI

INTRODUCTORY

hisWill.Tothesetitleshemighthaveadded andMarquisofPont-a-Mousson

HewasfamousasaSovereign,asoldier,alegis

sidedcharacterthereismuchtotellandmuchto 17

18RENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

XAPrincewhohadgreatandprs-eminent

Justicisrandanenemytolongdespatches.He

wasakindsofArmes,whichapersonshoulduseat inhisXHistoryofLouisXL,Yin1614.Hegoes ontosay:ThereignofsogoodaPrincewas

PastorandaFather.Theysaythatwhenhis

dancsorbarenesssoftheseason;andwhenthey theyareyettobeseeninthecityofAix.Hes wasdrawingofapartridgewhenastheybrought hsecouldnotdrawhishandsfromtheworkandthe pleasurehestookherein.Theyrelatethat hedranksnotwine,andwhenasthenoblemen ofNaplesdemandedthereasons,beaf4rmedthat ithadmadeTitusLiviustolie,whohadsaidthat soRENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS addressedin1448toJanVanEyck,inwhichhe asksfortwogoodpainterstobesenttoBarrois. andmanyotherTuscanartists,quickenedhis naturaltalentandguidedhiseyeandhand.Leon theKing-artist.AtNapleshecameincontact withColantoniodelFiore,AntonioSolarioUIl

ZingaroUandAngioloFranco,andgatheredup

whattheytaught.

Besidestheseimmenseadvantagesasapersonal

theOrsini,andmanyothers,Renehadoppor tunitiesenjoyedbyveryfew.Hisownamiable individualityandhisampleknowledgewerethe highestcredentialsinthepursuitofartand

DuomoofFlorenceandthecompletionofthe

guildshrineofCrSanMichele,andhewas enrolledasanhonorarymemberthereof.At famousscmW oaniUwritersandillustratorsofmanu andencouragement. beenpreserved,areasfollows

1.TheBurningBush,partofanaltartriptych,

INTRODUCTORY21

attheCathedralofAix.Projectedandbegunby andforittheartistreceivednomorethan70 gulden(seeillustration).

2.SoulsinPurgatory,analtar-piece(7x5

wasdestroyedin1793.

3.LaDivinaCommedia,analtar-piece(8x

ItwasduetoRenéW

svisionofhismistress,Dams

V4.SaintMadeleinepreaching,nowinthe

thestoryofthesistersofLazaruswithReneand

Heilluminatedmanymanuscripts.

1.PrecesPrue.TheLatinHoursofKing

bynumerousmarginalnotesofdatesanddetails

22RENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

writtenbyRenéWshand.Attheendbywayof

ImperialLibraryinVienna.Thedateis1454.

2.PasdWArmesdelaBergére.Apoemof

andProvence.KingReneilluminateditwith heandJehannedeLavalspentsomanyhappydays ruralizingin1457.

AtAix,intheLibrary,isamanuscriptI/ivres

dcsHeures,dated1458atAvignon,intheChurch themaster-handoftheKing.

II.LITERARYWORKSOFKINGRENE.

TheearlierworksoftheKingaresuf4ciently

INTRODUCTORY23

ofthefreedomofmannersandthepiquancyof manandKingwashewithoutreproach.

TheworkswhichRenecomposedaswellas

principalareasfollows

1.RegnaultciJehanneton,orLesAmoursde

BergieretdelaBergeronne.Itisanidyllic

Tarascon,afterReneW

andJehanneWsromanticsojourn athisbastideontheDurance.

2.MortiZementoleVainePlaisance,orTracts

ThisMoralitycoversZfty-Zvesheetsofthe

4nestvellum.TheRoyalwriterwasassistedby

piecebyReneW representstheKing,fullyrobed, (seeillustration).

3.LaConquétedelaDoulceMercy,orLa

asRENE writtenby

Finisisacl

underthe treasureis thereisa

ImperialLi

2.Pas

Louisde

Grand

PiusII.,andafa

pastoralallegory manyfamouskn

Lenoncourt,GuydeLaval,

afterthecelebrnaments andProvence.ReneW portraitsurepainting heandJLavalspent ruralizingin14

AtAix,inLibrary,is

desHeures,dat1458atA oftheisanothe atPoitierLibrary,is

MuséedeofParis,a

tion)-allexquelywritten themaster-handtheKing.

II.LITEWORKSOF

TheearlieroftheK

remarkableasinghis andhisuprightalegisl arenotableinhis adventurer,andall ation exac nna. dela gueurde

Angers,

Champio

extolsthec ride

24RENEBWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

4.LWAbuzéenCourt.Amanuscriptcovering

Zfty-sevenSheetsofveryZnevellum.Whereand

howKingRenegothisSkinswedonotknow,but theyarethe4nestandmostperfectofanyFrench

5.VerysuperbperhapsKingRenéWschef

wasCountofMaineandGuise,andGovernorof wasmadeaprisonerattheBattleofAgincourtin

1415,andremainedincaptivityintheTowerof

Londonfortwenty-Zveyears.Hisconstantcom

plaintwas:Imournwithchagrinthatnoone atlengthgainedtheheartofDukePhilippeof

26RENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

andstudentsnaturallywereattractedtosucha

Hurion,JehandePerin,andLouisdeBeauvauand

Grellin.

III.CRAFTSMANWSWORKSOEKINGRENE.

speciallyinhonourofLeRoydesGardensKing ofRoaches.AtAixtheKingestablishedThe rearingdidverymuchtomakeAnjouandProvence themulberryandtheMuscatgrape. workersintapestry,vestments,costumesand

INTRODUCTORY27

employedasJehandeNicholas,Guillaumels

Thesemaybenamesonly,buttheirfamemaybe

etc.,towork-peopleofallsortsandkinds.

AteachofKingRenéWsresidences,andmore

gainedthenameofLaChemine' edaRoy.Herehewas wonttospendagooddealofhistimeintheenjoy personsandavocationsofhissubjectswithin range.Here,too,hegaveaudiencetoallsorts thedaymerelytomany,butwithsomeofthem wasthat,asheputit,Xmychildrenmayseetheir mypursuits.YRenelivedandworkedamongand forhispeople,andnonewhoapproachedhimever asRENEDVANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

XYousee,heusedtosay,Iamsomethingofa

troubadourmyself,andlifeW sseriousmoodsrequire joyouselevation.Y handtoanyonewhohadinterestedoramusedhima amementoofhisinterviewUandmind,headded,

XyoudrinkmyhealthandQueenJehanneWssome

times. suchsumsofmoneyorotherbenefactions.To daughterWscon4nement.YHewasveryfondof

1476.ShewasaffectionatelycalledtheMother

ofthePoor.YXShe,YsaidRsné,Xwasrightly calledamnotI,then,fathertoo

Rsnéwasagreatcollectorofworksofartand

INTRODUCTORY29

theChurchofSt.CroixatAngers.Listsofsuch

ManyoriginallycamefromKingJohntheXGoodY

LouisI.andLouisII.ofSicily-Anjou.

miniaturecarvingsinwood.Amongtheformerhe possessedaveryfamouswinecup,uponwhichhe engravedthefollowingquaintconceit:

Quibier»beurra

Dieuroim.

QuibewrratoutdWu/nebaleixne

VoixraDieuetlaMadeleinelY*

Whosedrinks-me

CHAPTERII

YOLANDADWARRAGONAUXAGOODMOTHERANDA

GREATQUEENRW

THEQueenwasinlabour,andshiveringgroupsof

wishofKingJuanforamaleheirwassharedbyhis wasasourceofanxietytoallgoodAragonese.To besure,therewasababyPrincessalreadyinthe royalnursery,butwhetherhermotherhadbeena theCourt.IntheOpinionofthemenandwomenof 30

YOLANDADWARRAGONA

Tofacepage30

asRENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

Mediterranean,heshotgoldenbeamswithinthe

ofSpain,andthedaywasred,tooUthefeastof

SanMarco,April25,1380.

ChristenedwithineighthoursofbirthUthecus

tomiaAragonUandXYolandaYnamed,thelittle andgiventoholdandidentifythebabe.Withhim

Bar-le-Duc.Hisrewardwasapatentofnobility

and500goodgoldenlivres.

Yolanda,Queen-consortofJuanI.,Kingofthe

ofRobertI.,DukeofBar,andhiswife,Maris ofFrance,daughterofKingJohnII.,Xthe

Good.YTheirCourtwasoneofthechiefre

sortsoftheTroubadoursandJongleurs,who lookedtotheDukeWsfamousmother,Princess

EmperorOtto'III.,in958,createdhissonand

HolyRomanEmpire.Thesuccessionwashanded

downforhundredsofyears,andin1321Count

HenryIV.marriedtheFlemishPrincess.Her

jewelsandhertrousseauwerethetalkofhalfa

YOLANDABWARRAGONA33

splendidinEurope.

Barwas,sotospeak,thegoldenhubofthegreat

intheFrenchborderland. waseveraddingtoherfamebymakingroyalpro was,whennotveryfarawayfromstoriedLaon,be greenwoodtree.Then,notverygallantly,tobe wasamatchforanyman,andonthespotshe enrolledherhighwaymenasrecruitsforCount

HenryWsarmy!

34RENED'ANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

Barraisedtoadukedom,andtodanceuponher

Bar.Nothinggavehergreaterpleasurethanthe

5oralgamesofthetroubadours,andoneofthese

fetesgalantswasenactedin1363attheDucal

CastleofValdeCassel,whereDuchessMariehad

postschosetheirlaureateUoneEustacheDes withbays.Theballadehecomposedforthoseaus

Uwhereinhemaintainsthatonlytwocareersare

Opentohappymortals.

Cesdeuceontpa/rtoutlWava/ntage,

LWu/nenjungle/fit,lWautreacorner.Y

thehigh-altarofSt.EtienneatBar-le-Duc.

Languedoc,totheCourtofLoveatBar-le-Duc.

Hisquestwasforabride.Hewasofancient

YOLANDADWARRAGONA35

daughterJuanita,andtherewasagapingwound inhisamorousheartwhichyearnedforhealing.

TheroyalBenedictlookedforaVenuswithadash

sayhehaddrawnblanktheCourtsofSpainand ofhimwhichmustnewagainbetold. exchangetheheavyringofStateforthelighter jewelledhoopofespousal.

TheentryofQueenYolanda(Violante)into

fromChampagneandBurgundy,fromProvenceand theValleyoftheRhineandLanguedoc.Such merryfolkwereunknowninphlegmaticAragon. ofthesturdyBasquemountaineers.

TheAcademicolesJeuxFlorauxofToulouse,

36RENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

newlyfoundedin1323,andbetterknownthereas theCollegedaGayeSgavoir,-sentanimposing companyofminstrelstogreetthenewQueenof sheandhersuitewereaccommodated.Withthem theyboregolden5owersandsilverwithwhich

HerMajestytheyofferedagreatamaranthof

AcclaimedQueenofTroubadours,Yhermotley

trainsweptthroughthecitiesofthecoastand anddieforYolandadWArragona.

IftheAragonesewerenotedforstubbornness,

andofthemwascurtlysaidThemenofAragon willdrivenailsintheirheadsratherthanuse unlesshebeguiltyofmurderCourtinganalegra

Theroyalromancewasacharmingexampleforall

hadhiswingscutbyPrinceCupidandneverwent

KingJuanthrewhimselfunreservedlyintothe

YOLANDABWARRAGONA37

armsofhismerryMinerva-VenusQueen:nodoubt shepluckedhimthoroughlyACourtofLoveY wasestablishedatZaragoza.Alldaylongthey

PodemosmasquenosWearequiteasgoodas

Aragon.Aresolutionwaspasseddemandingthe

Herewasa4xfortheeasy-goingKing,Udubbed

devilandthedeepsea.TheQueenpoint-blank refusedtosaygood-byetoherdevoteW s,andher

Court,forthestoutestwillofmanyieldstothe

witcheryofbeautyineveryrankoflifei

IfQueenYolandawasaXgaywoman,ashis

torianshavecalledher,Uandnoclassofmenare womansomeofthemhavemaliciouslystyledher.

NO,shewasalovingspouseandadevotedmother.

Perhaps,couldshehavechosen,shewouldhave

esRENEDWANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS citizenwasallowedtheentreetothenursery.

BuenaY

LaVerginsefuiWinlaser

Suimamosbla/Iwasalrio;

ElSolsequedoparade,

LaMa/rperdiosumido,etc.*

forthesplendourofhermysteryplays,asmany prove:XSevensueldosformakinguptheheadsof theassandtheoxforthestableatBethlehemsix glovesfortheangels.

ThelittlePrincesswasnottheonlyoccupantof

overtoagovernante,andPrincessYolandawas oftheCourt;buthermothersawtoitthather

TotherivulettheVirginsped,

Herfairwhitehandstowash;

ThewanderingSunstoodstilloWerhead,

TheSeacastupnosplash,etc.

YOLANDADWARRAGONA39

SalicLaw.

prophesiedgreatthingsforherandAragon.The laidatherdaughterW sfeet. native,QueenYolandamadeaveryhappychoice. sonofheruncleLouisofFrance,hermotherWs selectionoftheyoungPrince:Frenchroyalmar riageswerepopularinAragon.Animposing underthechargeofhisaunt,QueenYolanda.The

KingandQueenmadethemosttheycouldoftheir

40RENEDVANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

thesoi-disanteheiresstothethrone.

King-DukeLouisattheCastleofBisclin,inLa

inthebasilicaofNetreDamedesDonsbyPope

ClementVII.Astatelyprogresswasmadetothe

waspresentedtoimperiousQueenIsabeau,Uhis

Milan.

Thechiefobjectofthisvisitwastheformal

betrothaloftheyoungKingandthePrincess

YolandadWArragonaUaceremonydeemedtooim

theKingWsdomains.Anotablefunction,inthe theThreeHolyKings,January6,1390,whereat ofFrance,withPrinceFerdinandofCastileand

Aragonasproxyforthebride-Princess,andan

imposingembassyfromKingJuanandQueen

Yolanda.

YOLANDABWARRAGONA41

BacktoAngerswent,withhismother,Queen

EverybodyinAnjouandProvencelovedtheir

Duchess.Shehadwonallhearts.Thosewere

RegentWskindlygovernment.

Earlyin1393KingJuanmetwithaserious

Tacca,theancientcapitalofAragon.Hewas,by

theway,afamoushuntsman,andhadgainedbyhis

TheSportsman.YMauledbyawolfhehad

MarieandtheAnjou-ProvenceCourtofRegency

thatthenuptialsofLouisandYolandashouldbe

LawbyproclaImIngLouisandYolandaheirand

QueenYolandamostheartilysecondedhercon

sortWsproject,Uindeed,sheitwaswhohad4rst suggestedthatlineofaction,Uandwhen,on

May15,theKingbreathedhislastinthecastle

ingtheKingW

4sRENEDVANJOUANDHISSEVENQUEENS

ofAragon.Bendingherkneesbeforeher,she kissedthechildW shandinhomagetohersovereignty, over,itcommandedthesu[Wragesofverymany membersoftheCortes.

TheEstatesofthethreerealmsmetinplenary

littleQueenYwaspresentedbyhermother,who demandedaunanimousvoteinfavourofLouisand sideration.HeprevaileduponQueenYolandato notpreposetoresidethere.Heonlystayedat

Palermo.

ThewholeenergyofthewidowedQueenwasnow

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