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CRUEL SYSTEM OF DOMINATION AND

CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY

ISRAEL"S APARTHEID

AGAINST PALESTINIANS

Cover photo: Palestinian protesters walk towards the Erez crossing, the only passenge r crossing between Gaza and Israel, during a demonstration in the northern Gaza Str ip on 18 September 2018

© Said Khatib / AFP via Getty Images

Index: MDE 15/5141/2022

Original language: English

© Amnesty International 2022

Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licen ce. For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: w ww.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty Int ernational this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence.

First published in 2022

by Amnesty International Ltd

Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street,

London WC1X 0DW, UK

amnesty.org Amnesty International is a movement of 10 million people which mobilizes the humanity in everyone and campaigns for change so we can all enjoy our human rights. Our vision is of a world where those in power keep their promises, respect international law and are held to account. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and individual donations. We believe that acting in solidarity and compassion with people everywhere can change our societies for the better. 3

ISRAEL'S APARTHEID AGAINST PALESTINIANS

CRUEL SYSTEM OF DOMINATION AND CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY

Amnesty International

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY

5

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

11

2. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

36
2.1

SCOPE 36

2.2

METHODOLOGY 39

3. TIMELINE

41

4. APARTHEID IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

44
4.1

PROHIBITION AND CRIMINALIZATION OF APARTHEID 44

4.1.1 4.2 INSTITUTIONALIZED REGIME OF SYSTEMATIC OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION 50 4.3

OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION OF A RACIAL GROUP 51

4.4

CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 54

4.5

INHUMAN AND INHUMANE ACTS 57

4.6

SPECIAL INTENT 57

4.7 APARTHEID IN SITUATIONS OF BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION 58 4.8

SYSTEM AND CRIME OF APARTHEID 59

5. ISRAEL"S OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION OF PALESTINIANS

61
5.1 INTENT TO OPPRESS AND DOMINATE THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE 63 5.1.1 5.2

FRAGMENTATION INTO DOMAINS OF CONTROL 74

5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3

Palestinians outside Israel and OPT 81

5.3

SEGREGATION AND CONTROL 81

5.3.1 Denial of right to equal nationality and status 82 5.3.2 Restrictions on freedom of movement as a means of control over land and people 95 5.3.3 Separation of families through discriminatory laws 98 5.3.4

Use of military rule 105

5.3.5 Restrictions on right to political participation and popular resistance 108 5.4

DISPOSSESSION OF LAND AND PROPERTY 113

5.4.1

Land expropriation laws and policies 113

5.4.2 Land title settlement: registration of land rights 124 5.4.3 Discriminatory allocation of expropriated Palestinian land for Jewish se ttlement 128 4

ISRAEL'S APARTHEID AGAINST PALESTINIANS

CRUEL SYSTEM OF DOMINATION AND CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY

Amnesty International

5.4.4 5.5

DEPRIVATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS 164

5.5.1 5.5.2

Discriminatory allocation of resources

5.5.3

Discriminatory provision of services 194

5.6

A SYSTEM OF OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION 217

6. INHUMAN AND INHUMANE ACTS AGAINST PALESTINIANS

219
6.1

FORCIBLE TRANSFER 219

Relevant crimes under international law 219

Israeli policies and practices 220

Pattern of inhuman or inhumane acts 239

6.2

ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION AND TORTURE 240

Relevant crimes under international law 240

Israeli policies and practices 240

Pattern of inhuman or inhumane acts 248

6.3

UNLAWFUL KILLINGS AND SERIOUS INJURIES 248

Relevant crimes under international law 248

Israeli policies and practices 249

Pattern of inhuman or inhumane acts 258

6.4 DENIAL OF BASIC RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS, AND PERSECUTION 259

Relevant crimes under international law 259

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6.5 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS AND INTENT TO COMMIT APARTHEID 263 6.6

CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY OF APARTHEID 265

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

266
7.1

CONCLUSIONS

266
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RECOMMENDATIONS

272
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