[PDF] THÈSE DE DOCTORAT 29-Dec-2018 am grateful

View - Download THÈSE DE DOCTORAT

Previous PDF

Next PDF

!THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l'Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University

Préparée à l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences socialesEssais en Economie Politique et sur l'Evolution des Normes Culturelles COMPOSITION DU JURY :

M. BISIN Alberto New York University, Rapporteur M. TORVIK Ragnar Dragvoll University, Rapporteur M. ALDASHEV Gani Université Libre de Bruxelles, Membre du jury Mme. KRANTON Rachel Duke University, Membre du jury M. VERDIER Thierry EHESS-PSE, Membre du jury Soutenue par Avner SEROR le 19 Mars 2018

h

Ecole doctorale n°465

ECOLE DOCTORALE ECONOMIE PANTHEON SORBONNE

Spécialité ECONOMIE Dirigée par Thierry VERDIER

Remerciements

Ihad thechance tobesur roundedbyextra ordinarilyins ightfula ndwide-rangingin- tellectualsthatallowedmetoco ntributetoour understandingofcultureand instit utions duringmyye arsat theParisSchoolofEco nomics.T heÞrstes sayofthisdissert ationstudies childdevelo pmentandrearingpractices.The second presentsatheoryon theco-evolutionof culturalnormsandeconomic institutions,w hilethelast essayfocusesonpo liticalinstitutions anddigsint otheiss ueofpolitical competit ion. Jeluis uisre connaissa ntpoursondŽvouement,sesconseils,sese ncouragemen tsetsonse ns delÕhumo urquiatoujo ursacco mpagnŽ nosdiscussions.Jeleremercie ŽgalementdÕavoir aucuneautre.L Õundesarticlesdecett edissert ationes tuntravailcommun.Peut- tre quea pourraitmarcheravecdes distributionsdeFrŽchet,a vait-ildit.JelÕarr taisalo rs,invoquant uneso mbrecontraintepe santsurnotrestratŽgienaissante. Ilacquiesaetlachosef utoubliŽe. misessurpaper .Etaf onctionnait...plut™tbien. Iam grate fultothemembersofthejury,G aniAldashe v,Albert oBisin,RachelKranton andRagna rTorvik.Iampartic ularlygratefultoGaniAldas hev, whohasbe enamemberof thecommitt eeofmythesisandwhohasc loselyfo llowedm yworkforthelas tthreey ears. I amgrat efultoAlbertoBisinforacce ptingtore viewthisdissertationa ndforinviting meat NewYork University.Thisshor tstaywastheopportunitytoinit iateve ryfruitfuldiscussio ns onthejo intevolut ionofcultureandins titutions.Iamalsogratef ultoRa gnarTorvik,who acceptedtoreviewthisdissert ation.M yPh.DhasbeenÞnancedby theE.R.C grantn

324004

thatisgrate fullya cknowledge. Iam alsogr atefultoRo landBŽnabou,JaredRubinandLaure nceIannac conefortheir invaluablecommentsonmy studyoftheevolutionofre ligiouspref erences .Iamgrat efulto NathanNunn,theeditoro fthe Journalo fDevelopmentEco nomics,and twoano nymous refereesfortheirinsightfulcomme ntsonthiswo rkaswell.Iw ouldliketothankIthzak Gilboaforhavingdisc ussedatan earlystage myworkontheformation ofprefe rencesa nd intergenerationalrearing.IamindebtedaswelltoLaure ntBoutonandMicaelCast anheir a fortheirco mmentsandhelpo nourcommonworkwithThier ryVerdie ronmulti- candidate elections. Jere mercieŽgalementSultanMehmo od,EmelineBezinetClŽmentineVanE enterre v ensocio logie,enphilosophieetenanthropolog ie.Jesuis Žgalementreconna issantˆ Emeline impressingintuitionswithmeo nthepoliticaleconom yofPakista n.Me rciˆc euxquion t sumotive rmontravailetŽve illermacurio sitŽ.MerciˆmesamisAdrie n,Hadrien,D avid,

Arthur,Margaux,Simon,L ara,CŽdricetCaro.

maso eurMyriamquirelit depuisdesannŽesdŽjˆlaplupar tdemesŽc rits.Merc iˆsonma ri

Mickael,merciˆleurÞlsMŽir quimÕaregardŽave ca ttentio nŽc rirecesquelq ueslignes du

AvnerSeror,

29thDe cember2018,

Paris

Summary

Moderneconomicshasa cceptedthechallengetounders tandmat tersthathalfacentury layÞrmlyout sideitsre alm:cultureandinstit utions.This dissertationpres entsthreeess ays onthese issues. TheÞrste ssayofthe dissertationpresent sprese ntsathe oryofchilddevelopmentand parentalrearingpractices. Inthemodel,abenevole ntparentseekstotransmitbehavio ral normstoherchild bysendinghim signalst hatareimp erfect lyobserved.T hec hildcan howeverincreasethequality ofthesignalshereceivesb yinvest inginacquiringcognit iveskills. Weesta blishthatneitherauthoritaria nnorpermiss iveparentingstyle sareconducivetothe accumulationofcognitiveskills.Furt hermore, sincerearinginteractions aimattransmitting behavioralnorms,thechilddevelopsac apitalofapprecia tionfor particular cognitiveskills. Thiscultura lperspectivetot heissueofcognitivedevelopmentprovidesaninte rpretat ion gridforva riousresultse stablishedintheempirical literatureonchilddeve lopment.Our approachalsopermitstoiden tifythepar entalcharacterist icsthat areparticularlyconducive tochildmalt reatme nt.Wepredictthatchildmaltreatmentshouldbee xpecte dtoemergeear ly inthe rearing periodandtobepers istent,hencetheneed forear lyandrep eated interven- tionsformaltr eatedchildren. Wealsosuggestthattheuseoftele visionandvideomat erials forrearingpur posescanwidenthee xistingdisparitiesintheearlya cquisitionof cognitiveskills . Theseco ndessayprovidesaunify ingtheoryfortheexis tenceofreligiousprohibitio n againstsecularscience sorusury.Inthemodel, areligiousleadercontrols thereligio usdoctrine anddecides whethertodiscrimina tesomeeconomicactiv ities.The agentsallocatetheirlab or inone oftwo productive sectorsand thereexistmonopolyproduce rsofsector-speciÞctechno - logies.Onesectoris potent iallysubjecttoprohibitionbe caus eitaggregatestheoccupations thatarecomple mentarytos cientiÞcdiscoveriesforexample.Prohibitio naimsat alteringthe dynamicsofreligiouspr eferenc esinawaythatmaximize stherentsofsomereligiousleader. Thecent ralintuitionofthischapteristha tprohibitioncreatesac ulturalse gmenta tionof thelabor market.Further more,aculturallysegmente dlabormarketa ectsthedynamicso f culturalnormsbecauseit di erentiatesculturalgroups.Inturn,suc hanÒeconomicÓdistinct ion betweenculturalgroupsaddsas alientdimensiontoparen tsÕexistingincent ivestot ra nsmit theircultural normsintergenerationa lly.Thisiswhy prohibitioncansubstantiallyincrease thedi usionofreligio usprefer encesinthepopulation,a ndcanthereforesubstantiallybeneÞt religiousleaders.Thisf rameworkalsoyieldsinte restingpr edictionsrelativetothedegreeof collusionbetweenpolit icsandreligionandrelativetot hedurationofeconomicpr ohibitions. Thepurpos eofthelastessayis toprovide asimpleana lyticalframe workonmulti-candidate electionsthatistractable enoughtoallow for asystematicanalysisoftheendo genousstructure xi ofpolitic alcompetitioninwayssimila rtotheIndustrialOrganizationmodels used toanalyse endogenousmarketstructur esundereconomiccompet ition.Theversatilityofourapproachis demonstratedthroughseveralapplicatio nsonclassicaltopics inpoliticaleconomy:special in- terestpolitics,coalition formationinthelegislatur e,andfranchiseextension inthedemocracy. Amongtheke ycont ributionsofthepa per,weestablishthatbothpropo rtionala ndrun-o systemsshouldleadtohigher partyfragme ntationtha naplurality system.Furt hermore,we areabletos howthata llowinghighc ampaigninvest mentsleadst olessfragmente dpolitie s andmorer entextra ctionfromwellf undedpoliticalparties.

Field:Economics

Keywords:PoliticalEconomy;CulturalE volution;CulturalTran smission;ChildDevelopm ent

RŽsumŽ

LՎconomiemoderneaacceptŽ ledŽÞdՎtudierdesproblŽ mat iquesquiilyaencoreun cultureetdesinstit utions.Ce ttedisse rtationprŽsentetroisess aissurcesquestions. Lepremier essaiprŽsent eunethŽoriesurledŽvelo ppementdelÕenfantetlespratiques peutcependan taugmenterlaqualitŽdessignauxq uÕilreoiteninvestissantdans lÕacq uisition deco mpŽtencescognitives.NousŽtablissonsque lesstylesparentauxautoritaires oupermis sifs dŽcroissentlÕaccumulationdecompŽtence scognitives.Deplus,puisquelesintera ctio nsentre parentsetenfantsvise ntˆtra nsmettredesnormescompor tementales,lÕenfantdŽ ve loppeun capitaldÕapprŽciationpo urledŽveloppementdecompŽtencesco gnitives.Not rep erspective culturellesurlaquestiondu dŽvelopp emen tcognitiffournitunegrilledÕinter prŽ tationutile pourdiversr ŽsultatsŽtablisdans lalittŽratureempiriquesurledŽvelo ppementdelÕenfant. Notreapprochepe rmetŽgalementdÕidentiÞer lescaractŽristique sparentalesquisontsus- ceptiblesdeconduireˆlamalt rait ancedesenfants .Nous prŽdis onsquelamaltraitancedes enfantsestuncomporteme ntparenta lqui, sioptimal,estpersistantetappara"tt™tda nsla

pŽriodedՎducation,dÕola nŽcessitŽdÕinterventions prŽcoce set rŽpŽtŽespourlesenfants

maltraitŽs.NoussuggŽronsŽgalemen tquelÕutilisa tiondelatŽlŽvisionetdevidŽosˆ desÞns

dՎducationpeutŽlargirlesdis paritŽsexist antesdanslÕacquisition prŽcoce decompŽtences

cognitives. Leseco ndessaidecettediss ertationprŽsente unethŽ oriesurlÕexistencedepro hibitions

contr™leladoctrinereligieusee tdŽc idesicelle-cidoittr ehostileˆunensembledÕactivit Žs

ŽconomiquescommelesactivitŽss cientiÞquesou innovant esparexemple.Lesprohibitions rentescaptŽesparlechef religieux.Lesagentsallo uentleurf orc edetravail ŽtantdonnŽque

certainesoccupationspeuvent tresujettesˆlÕhostilitŽdelado ctrinereligieuse.LÕintuition

centraledecetessaicÕestq uele sprohibitionscrŽ entunesegmentation culturelledumarchŽdu travail.Ene

prohibŽesdesorteˆbŽnŽÞc ierdÕun premiumsurleursalaire.C ett esegmentationculturelle

dumar chŽdutravail,en cons Žquence,crŽeunedistinction entrele sgroupesculturels,et changelatrajec toir edelՎvolutiondesnormesculturelles.Enparticulier ,ile stpossiblesous certainesconditionsquelesprohibitio nsŽconomiquesaugmente ntlataille dugroupe religieux, auquelcasnouscompr enonspourquoi ilpeut treoptimalpourunchefreligie uxdÕinclure xv unedos edeprohibitionsŽ cono miquesdansladoctrinerelig ieuse.CetessaipermetŽgale ment dÕapprocherlaproblŽmatiquedelÕex iste ncedecollusionentrepouvoirsp olitiq uesetreligieux, ainsiquedecompr endreque lsso ntlesfacteurssociauxa ectantladurŽedesprohibitions

Žconomiques.

Ledernier essaidecette dissertationprŽsen teun cadreanalytiquesimplepour lՎtude sammentsimplepourperme ttre similaireauxthŽorie sdÕOrganis ationIndustriellepermetta ntlՎtudedelastructuredes marchŽsetdelacompŽtit ionŽco nomique .La souplessedenotreapprocheestdŽmont rŽeˆ traversdiversapplicationssurde ssujetsstandar dsdՎconomiepolitiquecommelapolit ique dere distribution,laformationdecoalitiondans lalŽg islature,etlÕextensiondelafra nchise .

despartis ÒlowcostÓcrŽ entˆpartirde faiblesÞnancementsainsi quedespartisÒhighcostÓ

capturantplusdevoixetplusderent es.

Discipline:SciencesŽconomiques

Mots-clŽs:Economiepolitique;Žv olutionculturelle;transmission culturelle;dŽveloppem entdelÕenfant.

Tableofconte nts

xviii

Tableofconten ts

MainIntroductio n2

1Pa rentalRearingPractices,Cult uralTransmissionandCo gnitiveDevelop-

ment17

1.1Intr oduction.....................................20

1.1.1Related literature..............................24

1.2Asta ticmo delofchildrearing...........................27

1.2.1Thechild-re aringint eraction........................28

1.2.2Televisio nviewingforrearingpurposes..................39

1.3Thedyna micsofc hildrearingandchilddev elopment..............45

1.4Exte nsions......................................55

1.4.1Childmaltre atmentandtoxicstressasimpedimentst ochildrenc ognitive

1.4.2Thepers istence oftelevisionviewingofyoungchildren.........59

1.5Conclus ion......................................61

1.6.1Proofo fProposition1...........................62

1.6.2Proofo fProposition2...........................64

2AT heor yontheEvolutiono fRelig iousNor msandEconomicProhibition67

2.1Intr oduction.....................................69

2.1.1Related Literature.............................71

2.2Motiv atingexamples................................74

2.2.1Beyondt heepistemologicaldebat e....................74

2.2.2Theproce ssofs ecularizationonaDanishIs land.............75

2.2.3TheSunniRev ival.............................77

2.3TheMo del......................................79

2.3.1Competit iveequilibriumwhenthereligiousareconse rvative......83

2.3.2Thedynamics ofreligio uspreferences...................89

2.3.3Perfec tlyforwardlookingreligiousleader.................94

2.3.4Collusionb etweenpoliticaland religiousauthorities...........101

2.4Conclus ion......................................107

2.5.1Competit iveequilibrium..........................109

xix

Tableofconte nts

2.5.2Thedynamics ofreligio uspreferences...................111

2.5.3Proofo fProposition2...........................113

2.5.4Proofo fProposition3...........................117

2.5.5Proofo fProposition4...........................118

3Mul ti-candidatePoliticalCompetition andtheIndustrialOrganizationof

Politics121

3.1Intr oduction.....................................123

3.1.1Literat urereview..............................126

3.2Theca nonicalmode l................................131

3.3Axiomat icapproachtoprobabilist icvoting....................135

3.4Applicatio ns.....................................140

3.4.1Application1:Specialint erestp oliticswithheteroge neousvotersand

3.4.2Application2:Specialinte restp oliticswithhomogeneousv otersand

3.4.3Application3:Endogenousen tryand coalitionformationintheleg isla-

tureinpropor tiona lsystems........................159

3.4.4Application 4:Redistributivepolicies underalter nativevotingrules..164

3.4.5Application6 :Peacefulfranchise extensio ninDemocracy........169

3.5Conclus ion......................................174

3.6.1Proofo fTheorem1.............................175

3.6.2Proofo fTheorem2.............................176

3.6.3Proofo fProposition1...........................179

3.6.4Proofo fProposition2...........................181

3.6.5Proofo fProposition4...........................181

3.6.6Proofo fProposition5...........................182

3.6.7Proofo fProposition6...........................185

3.6.8Proofo fLemma2..............................187

3.6.9Proofo fProposition7...........................188

3.6.10Proofof Proposition8...........................188

Mainconclusion193

References199

ListofÞgures 227

xx

Tableofconte nts

1

MainIntrod uction

2

MainIntroductio n

Moderneconomicshasac ceptedthechallengetounders tandmatt ersthathalfacentury layÞrmlyout sideitsr ealm:cultureandinstit utions.T hisdissertationpre sentsthreees says onthese issues. Whilesc holarshaveidentiÞedimporta ntdeterminant sofnormsandinstitutions inrecent years,thereisstilladee premainingconundrum,as arg uedrecent lyby Kranton(2016,p.

407):Òwhydodivisionsa ndnormsresonate for humanbeings?ÓThisin terro gationmotiva ted

theÞrste ssayofthisdis sertation,whichlook supstrea mofther elationshipbetweenculture andinstitut ionsandstudiestheformation ofcultura lidentitythroug hinterg enerational interactionswithcaregivers.Ithas beenrecen tlyarguedbyBisinandVer dier(2015)tha t knowingtheoriginofeither cultureorinstitutio nlosesmuchofits intere stsinceitisthejoint evolutionofcultureandinstit utionsthat determineseconomic growth andprosperity.Intheir ownwords, Òthefocusismovedfro mthecause( bothcultureand/or instit utioncanhave causale ects)totheprocess thatdete rminethein teractionÓBisinandVer dier(2015,p.3 ). Theseco ndchapterofthisdisser tationstudiesthejoin tevolutio nofare ligiousidentityand economicandpoliticalins titutions. Finally,theregulationofpolit icalcompetitionisamajor characteristicofpoliticalinstitutions.Yetthepr ocess ofselectionofpoliticalr ulersismorethan oftenmodeledbypolit icaleconomistsas atwo- partycontestforpowe r.ThissimpliÞcation overshadowsthestudyofthesocio-eco nomicdete rminantsofpo liticalco mpetition, and thereforeconstrainstoalargee xtenttheanalysisofthedeter minationof polit icalinstitutions. Fillingthis gapisthe mainmotivation of thethirde ssayof thisdissertation,whichisa commonworkwithP r.ThierryVerdie r. 3

MainIntrod uction

Inthisint roduction, IwillÞrstreviewtheliteratureonc ulture andinstit utionsthatis relevantforthisthesis.Abrie foutlineofthea nalysiso fthethreechapterso fthe dissertatio n willthenb eprovided.

Cultureandinstituti ons:ano verview

Fewwillnowunde restimat etheimpor tanceofcultureandinstitutionsinthepr ocess ofdevelo pment.Aninßuentialbodyofresearch has demonstratedthateco nomicandins- titutionalbackwardnessare abyproductofhistory,sincetheyareobs ervedinec onomie s thatexperie nceddespoticgovernmentsandextrac tiveinstitutions(North(1981);Acemoglu, Johnson,andRobinson(2001);Tabellini(2008)).Asasimpleand well know nillustra tion, Putnam,Leonardi,a ndNanetti(1993)linkt heco ntempor aryvariationsinthee"ciency ofregio nalgovernmentsinItalyt oculturalvalues,whichorigincouldtrace dbac ktothe prevalenceoffreecitiesduringt hemiddleages .Relatedly,Grosfeld,Sakalli,andZhuravsk aya (2016)pro videempiricalsuppor tthatItaliancitiest hatachievedself-gov ernmentintheM iddle Ageshaveahighe rlevelofc ivicc apitaltodayt hansimilarcitiesint hesamear eathatdidnot , andsugge stthattheMiddle-Ageexper ienceofself- gover nmentfosteredtheint er-generational transmissionofself-e cacybeliefs.As anotherwellknownexample, Nunnand Wantc hekon (2011)hav eshownthat thetransatlantic andIndianOce anslave tradescreatedaculture ofdistrus twithinAfricathatstill persiststo day. 1

Finally,Greif(1993,2006a,b);Greifand

Tabellini(2010,2017)hav estudiedtheint eractionbetw eencultur alnorms,thefamily-an institutionofprimerimportanc einhumans ocieties-a ndtheinstitutionsgoverningtrade relations.Theprecedingcontributio nsdemonst ratethatthenuclearf amilyinmedievaltimes helpedestablisha ndgrowcorporationsinEur ope.B ycontrast,ex tendedkinshipgroups allowedfortrust-ba sedtradere lationships.Onlycorporationshoweverfo steredbeliefs and normsthatjust ifyandsupport self-governance,t heruleofla w,thelegitimacyofmaj ority rule,respec tforminorityrights,individualismand trustamongnonk in(Greif(2006b)).

1.Ot herillustrationsc anbefoundinthestudiesofBisinandVerdier(2015)and AlesinaandGiuliano

(2015). 4

MainIntr oduction

Inturn,t heexistenceo fcomplemen taritiesbetweenthepreceding normsand institutions mayexplain thedivergingpatho fprospe rityofEuropeandChin a(GreifandTabellini (2017)).

Culturalevolutiontheo ries:

TheÞrstf ormaltheore ticalcontributionst othemodelingoftheevolutionofcultural preferencesareduetoCavalli-SforzaandFeldman(1985)and BoydandRichers on(1985). Usinganele ganta- sexualreproductionevolut ionaryframework,theformer hypothesized thatculturalt raitsarebothinherit ed-i.e.verticallytransmitted-and transmit tedbythe societyatlarge-i.e.obliquelytransmitte d.The keyse lectivemechanis minasocietycomposed ofvario usculturalgroupsisthen strengthofvertic altransmission,whic hisc onsideredas exogenousbytheformer,whilet helatter allowfor frequencydependence. Inaser ieso farticle,AlbertoBis inandThier ryVerdier(BVhereafte r)introducedparent al socializationchoiceinthetheoryofCavalli-SforzaandFeldman(1985).Goingb eyondthe biologicalbasisofthepreceding works,BV considere dthatthe strengthofvertic alsocialization relativetoobliquesocializat iondepe ndsonadecision oftheparent,andmorespeciÞcally onacos tly e ort.Thisseeminglys impleexte nsionbecameacorners toneint hestudyofthe co-evolutionofcultureandsocietalout comes,s inceitmakescultural evolutio ndependona decisionthatcanpote ntiallybea ectedbyinstitutions,c ulturalno rms,politicalshocksor parentsÕexpectations,amo ngotherkeydeterminantsofnorms. Themicro- foundationsofthedynamicsofcultureintroducedb yBVinthe economic literaturearepresentedint woearlywor ksofAlbertoBisinandThierryVerdie r,t hatwewill brießydescribe next.InBisinandVerdie r(2001)Þrs t,theparentsÕ investme ntsinincreasing thestre ngthofverticaltransmission areonlya ectedbytheculturalc ompositio nofthe population.MorespeciÞcally, aparentwillrela xhisowne ortininter -ge nerationalrearing whenmoreag entssharehis culturalvalues.Ofparticula rinterest,thisculturalsubstitution e ectimpliesthatpa rents belongingtosma llerculturalgroupsinvestmo reintransmitting theircultural normsvertically.Thisispr eciselywhy culturalheterogeneityshouldbepres erved 5

MainIntrod uction

inthe long-runin thedynamicmodelofBisinandVer dier(2001),byco ntrast withCavalli- SforzaandFeldman(1985).BisinandVerdie r(2000b)pro videathoroughana lysis ofthe culturalsubstitutionpheno menon,andofitslinkagewithmarita lsegregationdecisio ns.Asa secondexample,inBisinandVer dier(2000a),theaut horsdemons tratethattheirmodel of culturalevolutioncan beparticularlyusefulfort hestudyofthein teract ionbetweenpolitics andculture .Indeed,thee ortsinvestedb ytheparentsinverticaltra nsmissionde pendon theirexpec tationoffuturepolicies.Thismakesthedynamics ofcultura lvaluesendogenoust o theexpe ctedpoliticalequilibrium.Reciprocally, theparentsvoteaccor dingtotheircultural values,whichstraigh tforwardlyma kespublicpoliciesendogenoustotheculturalcomposition ofthepo pulation. Analt ernativeapproachtotheissueofthe evolutionofpreferencesha sbeen pioneered by GŸthandYaa ri(1992).Inthe irindirectevolutionaryapproach,preferencesonw hichrational choicesdependaretr eatedasendogeno ustoanevo lutionaryprocess.Yetinthisproc ess, choicesarenotmotiva tedbyanev olutionary success,butevolutionarysucce ssdepends on thechoice thataremade.The indirectevolutio naryapproac hallowedeco nomiststo approach issuessuchasthe evolutionarys tabilityof prefer encesingameswithcomplete 2 andincomplet e information 3

Italsop ermittedtos tudythee

ectofasso rtative matchinginrepeatedgames onthest abilityofv arioustypesofpref erences . 4

Wu(2016)and BesleyandPersson (2017)

haverecen tlyreliedontheindirectevolutionar yapproachtost udytheco- dynamicsof politicalquotesdbs_dbs47.pdfusesText_47

[PDF] Mini dissertation de philo

[PDF] Mini dissertation SES sur la finance

[PDF] Mini dissertation sur l'évolution de la situation de l'économie française

[PDF] Mini dissertation sur une revendication au nom des femmes

[PDF] Mini dissertation: le pib est il un bon indicateur de richesse

[PDF] mini entreprise collège

[PDF] mini entreprise lycée professionnel

[PDF] mini europe

[PDF] Mini exercice d'anglais, pouvez vous me corriger

[PDF] Mini exercice d'Espagnol ! (Ser ou Estar)

[PDF] mini exercice de maths

[PDF] Mini exercice de maths! 3ème Cned (:

[PDF] Mini exo de mon devoir (Chimie, devoir 5 cned 3ème)

[PDF] Mini exo, devoir 4 Svt Cned 3ème!

[PDF] Mini exposé de 5min en français(AP) sur la Grande-Bretagne