CLASSICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES On the Blue and Green PDF

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CLASSICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES On the Blue and Green

On the Blue and Green Coloration that Appears on Bandages. Carle Gessard. (1850-1925) traction a pure blue liquid solution; upon evapora-.

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CLASSICSININFECTIOUSDISEASES

On theBlue andGreenColorationthatAppearsonBandages

Carle Gessard

(1850-1925)

Vat-de-Griice,France

Thispaperis atranslationofthe originalpaperpublishedin Frenchin 1882in Comptes rendus hebdomadairesdes Seancesde

PAcademiedesSciences,Volume 94,pages

536-538.

[Editor'snote:Thedescriptionofthe firstisolation ofPseudomonasaeruginosaand,presumably,

Pseudomonasfluorescens,dealscasuallywith the

ly muchmoreintriguedby thepigmentand its uniquechemicalbehavior.We areindebtedto Dr.

AnnLacy forthis translationandto Dr.AlainDes

sein forhis helpfuladvice.]

Twoinstancesofblue andgreen colorationof

bandagesoccurredlastOctoberon theservice of

Dr.ChauvelatVal-de-Grace.The linenswere re

turnedto me, andIundertookto verifythe para siticorigin ofthephenomenonby usingPasteur's cultures.I wasable toisolateanorganismwhich, itsform andin itsphysiologicreaction(the pro duction ofpigment)indifferentculturemedia.

Thisorganismiscolorless,globular,from1 to1.5

thousandths ofamillimeter;it isaerobicandvery mobile.

Itgrows easilybetween35°and38° in

neutralizedurine andcarrotextracts.Itdevelops equallywell insaliva,perspiration,albumin,blist er fluid,and liquidfromhydroceles.The blue byMonsieurFordos[1, 2];it turnsred inreaction to acidsand bluewith alkalis.It iseasily extracted hydrochloricacid,neutralizingthe redacid solu tion withpotash, oneobtainsonchloroformex tion thisproducescrystallizedpyocyanin,some- Pleaseaddressrequestsforreprintsto TheEditor,Reviewsof

Avenue,Boston,Massachusetts02115.

5775
times inprismsor ina tangleofneedles,sometimes inrectangularplates.Itsaqueoussolutionis neutral, andboilingdoes notalterit.

Pyoxanthose,a yellowmatter,difficultto crys

tallize,reddeninginreactionto acids andbecom ingpurpleinreactiontoalkalis(Fordos),is derived frompyocyaninbyoxidation.

Itformsslowly on

the bluecrystalsexposedto air andmorerapidlyin to light.

Itis easilyobtainedin severalminutesby

shakingin airan aqueoussolution ofstronglyalka linizedpyocyanin.The bluecolorpales andthen changesto violetdue tothe reaction ofthe baseon thepyoxanthosewhich hasbeen formed.

Uponex

posuretochloroform,this violetalkalineliquid, neutralizedby anacid, releasesthe yellowmatter which onethencollects byevaporation.

Acurrent

ofhydrogensulfideandthesodium amalgammakethepyocyaninsolution turngreen andthenyellow. Themicrobeexerts thesame ac tionbecause ofitsavidityforoxygen.This isthe reasonfor theuncoloredor yellowishappearance ofthe lowerlayers inthe liquidsin whichthe organismlives,i.e.,in theculturemediumand in the washwaterofdiscoloredlinens. Onecan elimi nate andrestorethecolorsimplybyshakingit in the air.I propose thatthis isalso thereasonfor the greenishcoloralwaysfoundnearthewoundin the deep folds ofbandageswhich areelsewhere tinted blue; thepus mightalso contributeto thiscolora tionby itsown coloring andby therelease ofhy drogensulfidewhichresultsfrombreakdown [of the pus]....

Pyocyanincombineswith acidsand formscrys

tallizedsalts(sulfateandchloride)in theformof reddishneedles. ThesereactionsledMonsieur

Fordostoconsiderpyocyaninanorganicbase.

Thisopinionisconfirmedby thereactionsthatI

obtainedwithpyocyaninor itssulfate: bothwere

at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September 12, 2016http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/Downloaded from

S776 precipitatedby goldmonochloride,platinum chloride, andpotassiumandmercuriciodide....

Pyocyaninthusreactsas analkaloid,asindicated

by itscolor,itsmicrobicorigin, anditsproduction nearwounds.Ascouldbeinferredfromits easy ever, thisdoes notoccurasinstantaneouslyas with morphine.

Therosetintofneutralizedsulfatesolu

tiondominatesin themixture offerricyanideand ironperchlorideat thebeginningofthereaction.

Thegreensoonappearsandthentheblue;after

Gessard

severalminutesthePrussianblueprecipitateis dis tinctlyformed.

References

1.Fordos M.Recherches surla matierecolorantedes sup

purationsbleues:pyocyanine.Comptesrendus hebdo madaires desSeances del'academiedes Sciences

1860;51:215-7

2.FordosM. Recherchessur lesmatieres colorantesdes sup

rendushebdomadairesdes Seancesde I'Acaderniedes

Sciences

1863;56:1128-31