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LSD

PSYCHOTHERAPY

Stanislav Grof, M.D.

Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies © Copyright 2001, 1994, 1980 by Stanislav Grof, M.D. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, nor may it be introduced into any information storage and retrieval system without the written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. Brief quotations may be used in reviews prepared for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper or broadcast. For further information contact: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)

10424 Love Creek Road, Ben Lomond, CA 95005

voice: (831)336-4325 • fax: (831)336-3665 e-mail: askmaps@maps.org • www.maps.prg

Libray of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Grof, Stanislav, 1931-

LSD Psychotherapy: exploring the frontiers of the hidden mind / by Stanislav Grof p. cm.

Pbk ed. of:LSD Psychotherapy, 2001, 1980

Includes biographical references and index.

ISBN 0-9798622-0-5 (pbk. 2007)

1. LSD (Drug) - Therapeutic use. 2. Psychotherapy.

I. Grof, Stanislav, 1931- LSD Psychotherapy.

II. Title: {DNLM: 1.Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - therapeutic use.

2. Psychotherapy. WM420 G874f}

RC483.5L9G75 1994

616.89'18 - dc20 DNLM/DLC 92-1429

Cover design/build: Mark Plummer

Cover Photo: Razvan Multescu

Printed by: McNaughton & Gunn, Saline MI

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fourth Edition© Copyright 2008 Stanislav Grof, M.D.

Dedicated with love

to Christina

This new edition funded by

grants to MAPS from

Kevin Herbert and

the Helios Foundation.

List of Color Plates

Characteristic patterns of the early stage in a psychedelic session 161 Two representations of illusory transformation under the influence of LSD 162 The 'psychedelic breakthrough' in a perinatal experience 163

The transformation from BPM III to BPM IV 164

The final phase of the death-rebirth process 166

Nausea and sensory deprivation in a perinatal experience 167 Transformation of the maternal genitals during the birth process 168

Death and rebirth in a perinatal session 170

An encounter with the devil 171

Overwhelming threat and revulsion 172

Snake symbolism and the death rebirth process 173

An ecstatic experience of the divine epiphany following ego death 174 'The Flagellant': final stages of the death-rebirth process (BPM III) 175 The purifying fire associated with volcanic ecstasy (BPM III) 176 The last seconds before biological and spiritual birth 177

Identification with the universe 178

Identification with the crucified Christ 179

'Pega', a theme on the psychodynamic, perinatal and transpersonal levels 180 Final stages of the perinatal unfolding (BPM III) 182 Experiencing elements of the collective unconscious 184

Embryonal, tissue and cellular consciousness 184

Archetypal demonic entities 186

'Through Suffering to the Black Sun': manifestation of the divine self 187 The Black Sun as the ultimate source of creative energy 188 The process of creation and the individual and universal Selfs 189

Cosmic creation through volcanic activity 190

Motifs related to the North American tradition 191

Egyptian motifs and the concepts of Kundalini 192

Additional Color plates in the 2001 edition:

Paintings from high-dose LSD sessions governed by BPM I

The Amniotic universe 80a

The Oceanic womb 80a

The toxic womb experience portrayed as painful and frightening 80b The hostile womb experienced as attacks by vicious animals 80c The devouring feminine symbolized by giant tarantulas 80d The death-rebirth process experienced as a giant maelstrom 80e Combined experience of giving birth and being born 80e Birth experienced as an attack by giant predatory birds 80f

The Phoenix rising 80g

Photos of Albert Hofmann and Stanislav Grof 80h

LIST OF CONTENTS

Introduction to the Fourth Edition...

Foreword...

Preface... 11

Acknowledgments... 17

1. History of LSD Therapy... 21

The Discovery of LSD And its Psychedelic Effects... 21

Early Laboratory and Clinical LSD Research... 24

Therapeutic Experimentation with LSD... 26

Studies of Chemotherapeutic Properties of LSD... 28

LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy... 32

The Need for a Comprehensive Theory of LSD Research... 44

2. Critical Variables in LSD Therapy... 49

Pharmacological Effects of LSD... 49

Personality of the Subject... 54

Personality of the Therapist or Guide... 87

Set and Setting of the Sessions...102

3. Psycholytic and Psychedelic Therapies with LSD

Towards an Integration of Approaches... 113

The Search for an Effective Technique of LSD Psychotherapy... 113 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Psycholytic Approach... 117

Pros and Cons of Psychedelic Therapy... 120

4. Principles of LSD Psychotherapy... 123

The Preparation Method... 123

Psychedelic Sessions... 117

Integration of the Drug Experiences... 120

5. Complications of Psychedelic Therapy: Occurrence, Prevention

and Therapeutic Measures... 151

Physical and Emotional Contraindications... 151

Critical Situations in LSD Sessions... 154

Adverse Aftereffects of LSD Psychotherapy... 201

Prevention and Management of Complications in LSD Psychotherapy... 211

6. The Course of LSD Psychotherapy... 217

Changes in the Content of Psychedelic Sessions... 219 Emotional and Psychosomatic Changes in the Post-Session Intervals... 230 Long-Term Changes in the Personality Structure, World-View and

Hierarchy of Base Values... 239

7. Indications for LSD Psychotherapy, Therapeutic Potential,

and Clinical Results... 245 Problems in the Evaluation of Clinical Results... 245 Depression, Neuroses and Psychosomatic Symptoms... 249 Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Character Disorders and Sexual Deviations... 252 Borderline Psychotic States and Endogenous Psychoses... 256 Emotional Distress and Physical Pain of Dying Individuals... 260

8. Non-Therapeutic Uses of LSD... 263

Training Session of Mental Health Professionals... 263 Administration of LSD to Creative Individuals... 265 Drug-Induced Religious and Mystical Experiences... 268 Role of LSD in Personal Growth and Self-Actualization... 274 Use of LSD in the Development of Paranormal Abilities... 275

9. Effective Therapeutic Mechanisms of LSD Therapy... 281

Intensification of Conventional Therapeutic Mechanisms... 282 Changes in the Dynamics of Governing Systems... 283 Therapeutic Potential of the Death-Rebirth Process... 285 Therapeutic Mechanisms of the Transpersonal Level... 289

Epilogue: The Future of LSD Psychotherapy... 299

Bibliography... 302

Appendix I Crisis Intervention in Situations Related to

Unsupervised Use of Psychedelics... 308

Appendix II The Effects of LSD on Chromosomes, Genetic Mutation,

Fetal Development and Malignancy... 320

References... 341

Index... 348

Stanislav Grof Receives Václav Havel Award

October 2007, By R.M. Crockford... 353

Stan Grof: On the occasion of the Dagmar and

Václav Havel Foundation VIZE 97 Prize... 356

Afterword: The Psychedelic Research Renaissance - A Review of Recent Psychedelic Psychotherapy Research, By L. Jerome, Ph.D., Valerie Mojeiko, Rick Doblin, Ph.D.... 361

About the Publisher... 371

INTRODUCTION to Fourth Edition

On my 102nd birthday, I feel a profound sense of satisfaction and peace to be able to witness while I am still alive a budding renaissance in legal psychedelic research. The culmination of this quiet renewal, which has been building since about 1990, is the resumption of LSD psychotherapy research, which has now been approved for the first time in about 35 years. LSD is the most stigmatized of all the psychedelics and is the last to reenter the laboratory. As I reflect on all the LSD and psilocybin research that has been conducted to date, I'm most appreciative of the work of Dr. Stanislav Grof, author of LSD Psychotherapy. If I am the father of LSD, Stan Grof is the godfather. Nobody has contributed as much as Stan for the development of my problem child. Not only does Stan have more direct experience than anybody else sitting with patients under the influence LSD, but he also has cultivated a clarity of intellect and a strength of emotion that enabled him to develop a theory and a method of LSD-assisted psychotherapy. In this superb textbook, Stan describes in detail a method of therapy that hasn't been practiced for decades and painstakingly explains how his theories of mind grew out of the empirical observations that he made during his LSD research studies. LSD Psychotherapy is a powerful, sustained and persuasive argument for the renewal of psychedelic research. LSD and psilocybin are not drugs in the usual sense, but are part of the sacred substances, which have been used for thousand of years in ritual settings. The classic psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin and mescaline are characterized by the fact that they are neither toxic nor addictive. It is my great concern to separate psychedelics from the ongoing debates about drugs, and to highlight the tremendous potential inherent to these substances forBy Albert Hofmann self-awareness, as an adjunct in therapy, and for fundamental research into the human mind. In all of these areas, Stan has been an outstanding pioneer. Alienation from nature and the loss of the experience of being part of the living creation is the greatest tragedy of our materialistic era. It is the causative reason for ecological devastation and climate change. Therefore I attribute absolute highest importance to consciousness change. I regard psychedelics as catalyzers for this. They are tools which are guiding our perception toward other deeper areas of our human existence, so that we again become aware of our spiritual essence. Psychedelic experiences in a safe setting can help our consciousness open up to this sensation of connection and of being one with nature. The elegance of Stan's approach to LSD psychotherapy is that it blends psychotherapeutic with existential insights, as in the days of old when therapy and religion were co-mingled. It is my wish that a modern Eleusis and a modern psychiatry will emerge, in which seeking humans can learn to have transcendent experiences with sacred substances in a safe setting, and in which LSD and other psychedelics become once again tools for psychotherapeutic healing and for discovery of the breadth and depth of the mind. When that day comes, Stan will have laid the cornerstone and his classic work, LSD Psychotherapy, will be the jumping off point for further developments and refinements.

Albert Hofmann

Basel, Switzerland

January 11, 2008

It seems astonishing that almost half a century after Stan Grof began using LSD as a tool in psychotherapy, the drug remains off limits for therapeutic purposes and even for medical research. In purely physiological terms, lysergic acid diethylamide is the least toxic drug known to science. It does not kill, even in massive overdose, and despite producing dramatic changes in consciousness, has no adverse or lasting effects on the body. Numerous case reports testify to its positive potential in psychotherapeutic use - for the treatment of addictions, neuroses, and anxiety disorders - and there are suggestions of further usefulness in treating chronic medical illness, including pain syndromes. Nevertheless, at the dawn of the twenty- first century, LSD remains a demonized drug in most societies, officially declared to be both dangerous and devoid of therapeutic value. The reasons for this irrational state of affairs are several. One is that LSD has kept "bad company" in the past: with hippies, revolutionaries, rock-and-roll fanatics, and other elements of society perceived by the dominant culture as antisocial and subversive. It is also, by law and necessity, now forced to keep company with other "drugs of abuse," including cocaine and heroin, whose dangers are obvious and frightening. Furthermore, LSD has a reputation as a kind of stealth drug, since it produces its effects in amounts so small as to be invisible. The ease of smuggling and concealing it fuels fantasies of its being slipped to unsuspecting victims, even put into water supplies to render whole populations psychotic and helpless. It was this characteristic of LSD that made it attractive to the military and the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950s as a possible tool for purposes far from therapeutic. For medical and psychiatric professionals, LSD is problematic in

FOREWORD

By Andrew Weil, M.D.

another way. Its effects are highly variable from person to person and exquisitely dependent on set and setting, that is, on expectation and environment. LSD sessions can be trips to heaven or hell, and the apparent unpredictability of the direction they take has scared off both researchers and therapists. In fact, the chance that an LSD reaction will be hellish is not so unpredictable. It increases with dose, with lack of preparation of the subject, and with lack of attention to environmental factors that promote anxiety or security. In the hands of a skilled and experienced therapist like Stanislav Grof, LSD was quite safe, and the reactions it produced were manageable and useful, even if intense. "Experienced" in this context must include having had personal experience with the drug. This is not an easy point to explain to the medical community. Doctors value drugs that work as magic bullets - that have precise, predictable actions, relatively consistent from person to person and explainable in terms of specific biochemical mechanisms, not in terms of practitioner experience or patient expectation. Psychiatrists and others who read published reports of early therapeutic successes with LSD and attempted to use it as a magic bullet without attention to set, setting, or their own experience failed to reproduce the desired results. Almost half a century later, with traditional psychotherapy largely replaced by overwhelming prescribing of psychopharmaceutical magic bullets (the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants accounting for a lion's share of the prescriptions), the chances of psychiatrists and others understanding the subtleties and artfulness of LSD psychotherapy seem smaller than ever. Nonetheless I believe it remains worth the effort to try to increase that understanding, because the therapeutic potential of LSD is undiminished. Perhaps, now that recreational use of the drug has subsided and stabilized and authorities are much more worried about other psychoactive agents, the time is right to reopen the conversation. I can think of no better way to do so than to publish this ground- breaking book in a new edition. LSD Psychotherapy is a classic work in both the psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological traditions, and I very much hope than Stan Grof's experience and wisdom will find a new and wider readership in the new century.

Andrew Weil, MD

Tucson, Arizona

October, 2000

LSD PSYCHOTHERAPY

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