[PDF] World Bank Document 16 oct. 1991 EACH PRESENTATION

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ESMAP TECHNICAL PAPER

e ~~~ ~~The World B"anK,, 022

LIM1 -* c C ean Air Initiativeir

Sub-SaWran Affican Citie

; -^ 25223 s \~~~~~~n initrdq- u 'J a dr? in

Sub-Sah~4ran

ASS'g )W.. . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Dakar,

Senegal

LedJued G26ofln 20n

: X ii!;SjvtS d Afrkd

_ ___%Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized

-U,.

Program (oordination for the (lean Air Initiative

in Sub-Saharan Afri(an (ities:

Patrick Bultynck,

Sr. Urban Transport Economist, The World Bank

pbu Itynck@worldbank.org

Chantal Reliquet,

Sr. Urban Specialist, The World Bank

creliquet@worldbank.org www.worldbank.org/dleanair www.worldbank.orq/afr/ssatp

We qratefully a(knowledqe support from:

Belgian Cooperation

Energy Sector Management

Assistance Program (ESMAP)

Norwegian Cooperation

US Agency for International

Development

(USAID)

US Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA)

ExxonMobil

TIlE WORI.D BANK

WASIIINGTON DC 20433 USA

FOREWORD

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IS NOW URBANIZING FASTERTTHAN ANY OTHER REGION IN THE WORLD,A SITATION GENERATING AN

IMPORTANT INCREASE IN TRAVEL DISTANCES AS WELL AS IN THE NUMBER OF TRIPS MADE BY MOTORIZED TRANSPORT.TRAFFIC

CONGESTION IS WORSENING,AFFECTING URBAN PRODUCTIVITY AND CAUSING A REAL THREAT TO HEALTH. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IS ONE OF THE FEW REGIONS OF THE WORLD STILL USING LEADED GASOUNE, CAUSING HIGH

CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD,WHICH IN TURN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH,WITH CHILDREN

BEING THE MOST AFFECTED.THE PHASE-OUT OF LEAD FROM GASOLINE ISAVITAL FIRST STEPTOAN OVERALL URBAN AIR QUALITY

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, AND ONE WITH IMMEDIATE BENEFITS FOR THE POPULATION. THE CLEAN AIR INmATIVE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, WHICH WAS LAUNCHED BY THE WORLD BANK IN 1998, AIMS TO

ADDRESS THESE KEY ISSUES THROUGH ITS COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS. THESE DO NOT REPLACE THE EFFORTS OF GOVERNMENTS

AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, BUT RATHER COMPLEMENTS THEM BY CREATING NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR PARTNERSHIPS

BETWEEN CmES, PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES, ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, FOUNDATIONS

AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS TOWARDS A COMMON GOAL OF IMPROVING URBAN AIR QUAUTY MANAGEMENT

FOR THE WELL BEING OF THE POPULATION.

A KEY ACTIvTY OF THE CLEAN AIR INITIATIVE IN 2001 WASTHE REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PHASE-OUT OF LEAD FROM GASOUNE, HELD IN DAKAR, SENEGAL FROM JUNE -

26-28.THESE FROCEEDINGS SUMMARIZE THE KEY OUTCOMES OFTHE CONFERENCE,WITH A

EACH PRESENTATION PROVIDED FOR THE VALUABLE INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN. TUE MAJOR OUT(OM[ Of Iff DAKAR (ONF[R[N([ WASTU[ FORMULATION Or A D[(LARATION, AGRE[D BY ALL PARTIES, STATING TUAT LEAD[D $

6ASOLIN[ WILL B[ (OMPLETELY PRAS[D-OUT IN ALL SUB-SAflARAN

A[RI(AN (OUNTRI[S AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, AND BY 2005 ATITUI LATIST.

MICHELE E. DE NEVERS

MANAGER

ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL

==* E* ~. ... -RESOURCES DIVISION

WORLD BANK INSTTUTE

LETITIA A. OBENCG

SECTOR MANAGER

WATER AND URBAN

-s -~t -. .. ~~CENTRAL AND WESTERN

AFRICA REGION

THE WORLD BANK AND ITS PARTNERS. INCLUDING THE ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (ESMAP),

THE BELGtAN COOPERATION.THE NORWEGIAN TRUST FUND FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE OIL INDUSTRY,ARE

COMMITTED TO THE CLEAN AIR INITIATIVE AND ITS ACTIVITIES, AND LOOK FORWARD TO COOPERATING WITH SUB-SAHARAN

AFRICAN CITIES IN THEIR URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT ENDEAVORS.

TABL[ OF (ONTINTS

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.0 DECLARATION OF DAKAR

3.0 AGENDA

4.0 PRESENTATIONS

4.1 CONFERENCE OPENING: Dr. Frank Sprow,Vice President -Safety, Health & Envinnment, ExxonMobil 13

4.2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Ms. Letitia Obeng, World Bank .--17

4.3 CONFERENCE FRAMEWORK

The Clean Air Initiative in sub-Saharan African cities -Mr. P Bukynck,World Bank and Ms. C Reliquet,WoHd Bank.. 19

4.4 IMPACTS OF LEADED GASOLINE

Environmental & health impacts on adults & children -Dr. D. Schwela,WHO and Dr.J. Phoeni, NSC .. .23

The case of Dakar -Dr.A Diouf Dakar University

37
Myths & realities of leaded gasoline -Mr.J. Rochow,AECLP 47

4.5 TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL ISSUES OF THE PHASE OUT OF LEADED GASOLINE

Vehicle emissions standards -Ms.Jane Armstrong, USEPA 51

Fuels -Mr. Paul Beckwith, BP

55

4.6 FUEL REFINING & DISTRIBUTION ISSUES

Fuel distribution logistics & infrastructure -Mr. Henry Ikem Obih, ExxonMobil 59 Octane replacement & fuel reformulation -Mr. Martin Megnin, Caktex --65 Refinery reconfiguration -Mr. Mamadou Nimaga, SAR, Senegal 69

4.7 OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL, POLICY & REGULATORY OPTIONS IN INTEGRATING LEAD PHASE-OUT IN

AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STRATEGIES -Mr. E Mayorga-4Aba,World Bank 71

4.8 VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Lead phase-out and emnission control: Southern African motor industry experience -Mr. Stuart Rayner, NAAMSA 77

Vehicle emission control -Mr. Mamadou Diallo,Vehicle Control Center, Burkina Faso 81

Correlations between air quality and vehicle emissions: impacts on costs -Prof W Hecq, University of Brussels 85

TABL[ OF (ONTINTS

4.9 AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Environmental lead levels in African cities -Prof M.K Sridhar, Ibadan University 93 Air quality guidelines & monitoring program -Dr. D. Schwela, WHO .99

4.10 PRICING AND REGULATORY ISSUES

Economic and financial incentives. Regulation & standards: enforceable balance -Mr. Patrick Coayde, Beidp-Franlab 105

4.1 I POLICY STRATEGIES

Promotion of public transport, land use control & city planning -Mr.Yves Amsler, UITP 109

4.12 SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF LEAD PHASE-OUTS

Cases of oil importing/exporting countries with or without refineries -Mr. Michel Muylle,World Bank 119

4.13 WORKING GROUPS

West Africa

125

Nigeria and Neighboring Countries

129

West Central Africa .. .-131

Southern Africa

133

East Africa

135

4.14 WRAP-UP AND NEXT STEPS: Mr. P. ButynckWorld Bank and Ms. C Reliquet ,World Bank 137

4. 15 CLOSING ADDRESS: Mr. Brian Doll, ExxonMobil

139

5.0 PARTICIPANT LIST

6.0 PARTNERS

Regioatd C6oitf&Ww PhaseaO"tofLe&kd, y4=Xe-&rb fA6 S4WraAfrWuia

Dakg, eg Jadt,26-28, 200

DRiUEM SUMMARY

Leaded gasoline is the greatest single source of human exposure to lead. The health impacts of lead are serious, affecting

the mental and physical development of children and causing elevated blood pressure, cardiovascular conditions, neurological

and kidney disease among adults. While over 80 percent of the gasoline sold worldwide is now lead-free,Africa remains the

exception. Switching quickly to unleaded gasoline is seen as a first step towards reducing air pollution in Africa, thereby

improving the health and quality of life of millions, particularly the urban poor who suffer disproportionate exposure to

air pollutants.

As part of the regional Clean Air Initiative, a Conference on the Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa was

organized by the World Bank and held at the Meridien President Hotel in Dakar, Senegal, from June 26 to June 28,2001.

The spedfic objectives of the regional (onferen(e were to:

I- Raise dwareness about the health impzcts of leaded gasoline and build (onsensus among the main stakeholders on the

te(hni(al, regulatory, institutional, e(onomic issues and the prorties for implementing ledd phase-out programs.

l- Deveiop adtion plans to phdse-out leaded gasoline with a timetable and monitorng indi(ators.

The Conference was attended by almost 200 participants from 25 different countries, representing a diverse range of national

and local government bodies, research and academic institutions, NGOs and international organizations.

Three full days of presentations covered issues including the health, environmental, and economic impacts of using leaded

gasoline,and the main features of technical,financial, regulatory and policy strategies required to help implement leaded gaso-

line phase-out Several successful leaded gasoline phase-out experiences in Latin America and Asia were presented.

Gasoline supply in Sub-Saharan Africa is provided by local refineries and complemented by imports.This pattern of supply can

be subdivided into frve geographical sub-regions, each dominated by key refinery centers. A working group was formed for each

of the five sub-regions. and discussion time allotted, with the aim of formulating action plans to phase out leaded gasoline

from the region.

Sub-Regions | Countries

Key Refinery Centers

West Africa Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, C6te d'Ivoire, Gambia, CMte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal

NMauritania. Senegal. Sierra Leone

Nigeria and Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Togo

Nigeria

Neighboring

Countries

West Central Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Cameroon, Democratic Africa (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo (Kinshasa), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and (Kinshasa), Gabon

Principe

Southern Africa Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Angola, South Africa

Mauritius. Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South

Africa. Swaziland, Zambia. Zimbabwe

East Africa Burundi. Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti. Kenya, Malawi, Kenya ____________ Rwanda. Somalia, Sudan. Tanzania, Uganda l

PegwnAt comftr td& P ef$

Dakar, Sewa1e 4, 2001

OUT(OMES

Consensus emerged on:

* The negative impact of lead, with children being the most affected * The urgent need to phase-out leaded gasoline

* The need for cooperation at the sub-regional level, including harmonization of technical specifications

* The need for collaboration with the petroleum and automobile industries * The lack of additional technical constraints for existing vehicles

* The need for an overall implementation strategy (technical, institutional, financial and public information)

The key result of the (onferen(e was the formulation of a De(laration, aqreed to by all parties, whi(h stdtes that leaded gasoline will be (ompletely phased out in all Sub-Saharan Afri(an (ountries as soon as possible, and by 2005 at the latest. * ACTION PLANS: SUB-REGIONALWORKING GROUPS: Each sub-regional group produced a preliminary

"action plan" for lead phase-out Each region -determined by the configuration of its gasoline supply -submitted

technical steps and specific timetables for phase-out Although the depth of recommendations varied, all regions

agreed that full lead phase-out by 2005 was feasible. As a result the 'Declaration of Dakar' was produced and

signed by all parties in attendance. The challenge will lie in the acceptance of such plans by national governments,

and effective implementation in line with the agreed timetable.

* NETWORK CREATION :The creation of the AFRICACLEAN network of air quality practitioners (at all levels)

both throughout the region and internationally occurred as a result of the conference.The diversity of partici-

pants indicated the very high level of interest in air quality management issues, and the formation of such a network

was highlighted as one of the key components of the Initiative in the region. * KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT :The initial announcement regarding the Initiative and the conference

reached over 400 potential participants, itself raising awareness of the issues across the region. A video and

CD-ROM were produced prior to the event, detailing the issues and concerns regarding leaded fuels and lead

phase-out Many background documents were prepared in both English and French for all participants.

NUT SI[PS

A series of actions are required to move lead phase-out forward and to develop both the network and governance mechanism:

* ACTION PLANS : sub-regional working groups established. World Bank to monitor progress & development,

disseminate early success stories * AWARENESS CAMPAIGN : a coherent campaign from a variety of partners. The World Bank will provide a central function via the websites: www.worldbank.org/cleanair and www.worldbankorg/afr/ssatp

* DATABANK : much more information is required to effectively implement lead phase-out It is envisaged that

the input of the petroleum industry here is key. * REGIONAL CONFERENCE: a follow-up conference will be held at the "Rio + 10" event in Durban, South

Africa, September 2002

* STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIPS : partnerships between regional & international organizations and networks, national and local governments, the private sector will be strengthened.

2 I x =x j.{gXy

Reg0at cof rf em or X PA ag&-Ae- of LeAded g wsmb fStdrg/tAfnws

Dakar, fexgaZ .Jw&26-28, 2001

DWLRA1ION OF DAKAR

The parti(ipdnts from 25 Sub-Sdhdran Afri(an (ountries, representing governments, industry and (ivil sodety, and fom intemational orqanizations attending the Regiondl (onference on the Phasing Out of Leaded Gasoline (Dakar, June l6 -28, 2001), (onsidering: * The recommendations and resolutions of WHO,WB and UNEP stating the high priority of lead phase out worldwide,

* That surveys on blood lead levels in SSA city populations show that in many cases WHO guidelines are

exceeded, bringing in particular at risk children's development and intellectual performance.

* That delays to start using unleaded gasoline are precluding the introduction of vehicles equipped with catalytic

converters and thus the development of urban clean air policies in growing cities of SSA.

* The support expressed by the oil industry and the NGO community in favor of a prompt government action

phasing out leaded gasoline. agree to:

I. join efforts to accelerate the formulation and implementation of programs to completely phase out leaded

gasoline in all SSA countries as soon as possible, latest by 2005.

2. Recommend governments to reduce the lead content in gasoline -currently 0.8 g/l in most SSA countries

-to average not more than 0.4 g/l by 2002 and to an average not more than 0.2 g/l by 2003.

3. Encourage countries with independent import facilities to accelerate their respective lead phasing out pro-

grams.

4. Harmonize the gasoline norms in all sub-regional markets, in order to foster intra-regional trade and traf-

fic; and request IPIECA, in collaboration with national and international oil companies and representatives

from the automobile industry, to assist in the formulation of a complete set of fuels technical specifications.

S. Complete the sub-regional action plans within the next 12 months framing the respective national clean air

programs.

6. Request the oil supply chain operators to improve their production, storage and distribution facilities in

accordance with the target lead phase out frame.

7. Request WHO, UNEP,WB and bilateral environmental agencies such as USEPA to support SSA stakehold-

ers in developing the capacity to implement the lead phase out programs within air quality management.

8. Develop an appropriate public information campaign with an active participation of NGOs community.

9. Request the WB and other international donor agencies to give a high priority to lead phase out in eco-

nomic poiicy dialogues with the SSA governments and to continue supporting required technical assistance

programs and assisting in the financing of viable investments.

10. Request OAU and other regional organizations (ECOWAS,WAEMU, SADCC, CAEMU, etc.) to endorse the

phasing out of leaded gasoline in their priority programs and to contribute to the harmonization of stan-

dards and technical specifications.

Dezrtlon. of Voko

3 *1.- - 7k1 ~~~..~ ~ ~ r r Xt ~~~~~v

AGENDA

-a'g, Kd. . _ _ s _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~~'

JAegrlfUL Cofftrz&vP d&A40Ocatf _ A ax Afri~

DVAkar, SetegaL -JWtz26-28, 2001

AGNDA ru4rd4yju'i& 26, 2001

Time Subject

Speaker Moderator

9:00 -10:00 1. Opening session

* Conference opening -Dr. Frank Sprow (Vice

President -Safety, Health &

Environment, ExxonMobil)

* Keynote addresses -Ms. Letitia Obeng (Sector

Manager, World Bank)

-Mr. Bleu Laine (Minister of

Environment, C6te d'Ivoire)

-Mr. Modou Fada Diagne (Minister of Environment,

Senegal)

1a0.0010:30 Brk. -.- : .' .-*.

10:30 -11:00 2. Conference framework

* Film on the phasing-out of leaded

Mr. J-P. Elong-Mbassi

gasoline in sub-Saharan Africa (Municipal * The Clean Air Initiative in sub- -Mr. P. Bultynck (WB) Development Saharan African cities Ms. C. Reliquet (WB) Program) * Conference objectives/methodology

11:00 -12:30 3. Impacts of leaded gasoline

* Environmental & health impacts on -Dr. (Mr.) D. Schwela (WHO) adults & children (Overview) and Dr. (Ms.) J. Phoenix (NSC) Mr. Baglo (ABE, * The case of Dakar -Dr. (Mr.) A. Diouf (Dakar Benin)

Univ.)

* Myths & realities of leaded gasoline -Mr. J. Rochow (AECLP)

12:30-14:00 Ltnch -' --. -; .=. .---.

14:00 -14:45 4. Technical and financial issues of the

phase out of leaded gasoline

Mr. E. Creppy

* Vehicle emissions standards -Ms. Jane Armstrong (USEPA) (Bordeaux Univ.) * Fuels -Mr. Paul Beckwith (BP)

14:45 -15:30 5. Fuel refining & distribution issues

* Fuel distribution logistics & -Mr. Henry Ikem Obih infrastructure (ExxonMobil) Mr. Ibou Diouf * Octane replacement & fuel -Mr. Martin Megnin (Caltex) (CETUD, Senegal) reformulation * Refinery reconfiguration -Mr. Manadou Nimaga (SAR,

Senegal)

15:30 -16:00 Break .-.: .' ; :: --- .-< = J , -' ; ______________.__'_

16:00 -17:30 6. Working groups by sub-regions

Introduction of groups,

nomination of group rapporteurs, -Group rapporteurs review of available data, status summary by sub-regions

17:30 -18:00 7. Wrap-up of day conclusions -Ms. S. Correa (USEPA) Mr. E. Mayorga Alba

.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .(W B )

19:00 -20:00 Social Evenr -[. _ -_. _ I

Afg'> c. 91;_fa7

RegiokAl Conete&o;t.w PSaafLiarasivAfca,

Dakar, Se&tegat JaA-26-28, 2001

weddte4dy,Jwt27, 2001

Time Subject Speaker Moderator

8:30 -9:00 8. Overview of technical, policy & -Mr. E. Mayorga Alba (WB)

quotesdbs_dbs27.pdfusesText_33

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