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hQ +Bi2 i?Bb p2`bBQM, Rkj URyV- TTXeN3j@eNN8X RyXRykNfkyR3C*yR9jyRX ?EH@ykRNyTk9 1 Preface to the Special Section: Dense water formations in the North Western 1 Mediterranean: from the physical forcings to the biogeochemical consequences2 Pascal Conan1, Pierre Testor2, Claude Estournel3, 4, Mireille Pujo1, 4

Xavier 55

6 1 2

3 Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400

4 CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'OcĠanographie de 13

5 UniǀersitĠ de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR 5110, Centre d'Etude et de Formation sur les 15

2

Short 36

Detailed 56

in situ 3

Key Points91

Program acronyms 101

4

1. Rationales113

Adloff et 114

al., 2015; Cacho et al., 2002; Giorgi, 2006; Somot et al., 2006] i.e. Attané and 116

Courbage, 2001]Paluszkiewicz, 1994]

Lacombe and Richez, 1982]

MERMEX group, 2011]Conan et al., 1999; Crise 124

et al., 1999; Robinson et al., 2001] D'Ortenzio and Ribera d'Alcalà, 2009; Pujo, 2011; Ribera d'Alcalà et al.,

Pujo127

Pay and Conan, 2003; Pujo, 2011; Santinelli et al., 2010]

MEDOC group, 1970]

Testor and Gascard, 2003]

D'Ortenzio and Ribera d'Alcalà, 2009; Mayot et al., 2016]

Diaz et al., 2000]

5

MERMEX group, 2011]

Conan et al., 1999; Siokou, 2010]

Marty and Chiavérini [2010]

Stemmann et al., 2002]. Higher abundance of zooplankton in the '80s 153 and late '90s was also correlated with dry and cold winters Vandromme et al., 2011]

Auger et al.

MERMEX group, 2011]

Houpert et, 2016]

Madec et al., 1996]

Grigno,

6 the understanding the role of deep winter convection on the biogeochemical properties of the water masses, on

Y Dynamics of the atmosphere and air

Y Interannual variability of dense water formation

Y Deep water formation during winter 2013

Y Effects of small scales and intrinsic ocean variability on dense water formation Y Effect of deep water formation on biogeochemical budgets and primary production Y Res

2. Strategic plan209

Testor et al., 2018]

Estournel et al., 2016b]

7 i.e.

balloons, deǀeloped by the ΗCentre National d'Etudes SpatialesΗ, were used to document the 230

bottom proĮles of CTD and of biogeochemical parameters (chlorophyll- 8

3. Major outcomes260

3.1. D261

Somot et al., 2016]

Drobinski et al. [2017]. They related boundary layer balloons observations in the marine atmospheric

Brilouet et al., 2017]

Caniaux et al. [2017]

Song and Yu [2017]

9 data-assimilated global 284

Seyfried et al.

3.2. Interannual variability of dense water formation294

Béthoux et al., 2002; Mertens and Schott,

Durrieu de Madron et al., 2017; Houpert et al., 2016]

о3, occurred every

10 Léger et al., 2016]in situ data detailed by Severin et al., 2014; Severin et al., 2016] [see Herrmann et al., 2010 and references 320 therein]. The stepwise rise in temperature, salinity and density, observed consecut о3 -) and potential temperature (+3.2 ± 0.5 10о3 -) for the deep layer Houpert et al., - - -324

3 - Vargas-YĄŹez et al., 2010]

Somot et al., 2016]

Testor et al. [2018]. First, as the vertical dilution effect of

Severin et al., 2014]

-, the

Houpert et al. [2016]

Herrmann et al.

3.3. Deep water formation during winter 2013343

Waldman et al. [2016]

11

Herrmann et al., 2017]

Coppola et al., 2017]Herrmann et al., 2017; Testor et 350 al., 2018] Estournel et al., 2016a; Lebeaupin Brossier et al., 2017; Léger et 356 al., 2016; Waldman et al., 2017a; Waldman et al., 2017b]

Testor et al., 2018]

Estournel et al.,

Lebeaupin Br , 2017; Waldman et al., 2017b]

Estournel et al., 2016a; Léger et al., 2016]

3.4. 369

Giordani et al. 376

[2017] 12

Margirier et al. [2017]

-), co -386

1. Bosse et al. [2016]

Damien et al. [2017]

Estournel et al. [2016a]

Waldman et al. [2017a]

Waldman et al. [2018]

3.5. Effect of dense water formation on biogeochemical budgets and primary production406

Kesso, 2018]. Using a 3-D high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model 411 showed in all three regions, that the mixed layer deepening during the destratification 13

Severin et al., 2014; Severin et al., 2017]

Mayot et al., 2017b; Severin et al., 2016]

Kessouri et al., 2017]

3

Leblanc et al., 2018; Mayot et al., 2017b]

[Durrieu de Madron et al., 2017].

Oceanospirillale Flavobacteriale)

Severin et al., 2016]

Severin et al., 2017; Severin et al., 2016]

Mayot et al.,

Severin et al., 2017; Severin et al., 2016]

14

Bosse et 448

al. [2017]. They showed that SCVs present important dynamical barriers that drastically reduce

physical and biogeochemical cycles. At larger scale, two distinct trophic regimes as ͞High Bloom" 452

Mayot et al., 2017a; Mayot et al., 2017b]

Kessouri et al. [2018].

Mayot et al., 2017b]

Ulses et al., 2016]

Kessouri et al., 2017]

Kessouri et al., 2018; Kessouri et al., 2017; Severin et al., 2017] 474

3.6. Zooplankton community response to dense water formation475

Kessouri et al., 2018; Severin et al., 2017]

15

Donoso et al., 2017]

Siokou, 2

Donoso et al., 2017]Hunt et al.

Acknowledgements493

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21

LEGENDS

Figure 1 - Time schedule of the different platforms and means used during the DEWEX experiment between July 2012 and July 2013 Figure 2 - Sketch of sampling strategy and examples of trajectory for airborne and oceanic platforms during the DEWEX experiment in the northwestern Mediterranean Figure 3 - Side view of the airborne and oceanic platforms used during the DEWEX experiment 729

Figure 1 730

between July 2012 and July 2013731 22

Figure 2 737

during the DEWEX experiment in the northwestern Mediterranean738 739
23
740

Figure 3

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