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HowToRe adABo ok

ByMo rtimerJ.Adler

AndCha rlesVanDoren

1972

AppendixA.

ARecommendedReadingList

Onth efollowi ngpagesappearsalistofbooks thatitwouldbeworthyourwhi le tore ad.Wemeanthephr ase"wo rthyourwhile" quites eriously.Al thoughnot allofthe book slistedare" great"inanyofthe commonlyacceptedmeanings ofth eterm,alloft hemwillrewardyou forthe e ortyou maketoreadthem.

Allofthe sebook sareovermostpeo ple'sheads - su

cientlyso,atanyrate,to forcemostrea derstostretc htheirmindstounderst andand appreciatethem. Andthat,o fcourse,i sthekin dofbookyoushouldseek outify ouwan tto improveyourreadings kills,andatthes ametimediscoverthebestthathas beenthough tandsaidinourliterar ytraditio n. Someoftheb ooksar egreat inthespecialsens eoftheterm thatweemployed inth elastchapt er.Onretu rningtothem,youwillalwaysfin dsomethingnew, oftenmanythings .Theyareend lesslyre-readable.Anot herwaytosa ythisi s thatsomeoft hebooks - wewil lnotsa yexactly howmany,norwillwetryto identifythem,sinceto someextentthisisa nindividualjud gment - areoverthe headsofallr eaders, nomatterho wskillful.Asweobservedi nthelastchapter, thesearethewo rksthateve ryones houldmakeaspec iale orttose ekout.They areth etrulygreatb ooks;theyarethe booksth atanyoneshouldc hoosetotake withhimtoh isowndeser tislan d. Thelis tislong,andi tmayse emalittleoverwh elming.We urgeyounotto allowyourselft obeabashedbyit.Inthe firstpl ace,youare likelytoreco gnize thenam esofmostoftheauth ors.Th ereisnothing heretha tissore condite asto beesot eric.More important,wewanttoremindy outhatitiswiseto beginwiththo sebooksthatin terestyoumost, forwhateverr eason.Aswehave pointedoutseveralti mes,thep rimaryaimistoreadwell ,notwidely.You shouldnotbedisap pointedif yourea dnomorethanahandfulofthebooksina year.Thelist isnotsome thingtobego ttenth roughinan yamountoft ime.It isno tachallenge tha tyoucanmeetonlybyfinish ingeveryitemonit.Instead, itisa ninv itation thatyoucanacceptgracio uslybybeginni ngwhe reveryoufeel athom e. Theauth orsarelistedchronolo gically,a ccordingtotheknownorsu ppose d dateoftheir birth.Whe nseveralwor ksofanauthorar elisted,t hesetooare arrangedchronologic ally,wherethatispossible.Scholarsdonotalwaysagree 232

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND233

aboutthefirst publication ofabook,bu tthisneednotconcernyou.Thepoint tore memberisthatthelistasawho lemove sforward through time.Thatd oes notneces sarilymeanthatyoushouldreaditchro nologically,of cours e.You mightevensta rtwiththeend ofthelistandrea dbackwardto Homerandthe

OldTes tament.

Weha venotlisteda llthewor ksofeveryauthor.Weh aveusual lyc ited onlythemore importanttit les,se lectingthem,inthe caseofexpositorybooks, tosh owthediversit yofana uthor'scontributiontodi erentfieldsoflearning. Ins omeinstances ,wehavelistedanauthor'sWorksa ndspec ified,inbr ackets , thosetitlesthata reespecially important oruseful.

Theremaybedi

erencesofopinionabou tsomeo ftheearlieritemstoo,an d wem aybecharg edwith beingprejudicedagain stsomeauthor sthatwehav e notlis tedatall.Wearewill ingtoadm itthatthismay betrue,insomecases.

Thisisourl ist,an ditmaydi

erins omeres pectsfromlis tsdrawnupbyot hers.

Butitwi llnotd i

erver ysignificantl yifeveryoneconcursseriouslyintheaimof makingupareadin gprogr amt hatisworthspendingal ifetimeon.Ult imately, ofcou rse,youshouldmakeup yourown list,andthengoto workonit .Itis wise,however, toreadafairnumberoftheb ooksth athavebeenunanimously acclaimedbeforeyoubrancho onyou rown.This listisaplacetobegin. Wewa nttomentiono neomis sionthatmaystrikesom ereaders asunfortu- nate.Thelistc ontains onlyWesternaut horsandbooks;therearenoChinese, Japanese,orIndianworks.T herear eseveralreasonsfo rthis.O neisthatw e arenot particul arlyknowledgeableoutsideofthe Westernliterarytradition, andourrec ommendat ionswouldcarrylittleweight.Anotherist hatthereis inth eEastnosin gletradition,as there isintheWest,an dwewouldhaveto bele arnedinallEasterntrad ition sinordert odothejobwell.Th erearevery fewsch olarswhohavethiskindofac quaintan cewithallthe worksofthe East . Third,thereissom ethingtobesaid forkno wingyourowntraditionbefor etry- ingtoun dersta ndthatofotherpartsoftheworld.Ma nypersonsw hotoday attempttoreadsuchbook sastheIChingorth eBhagavad-Gitaareba #ed, notonly becauseoft heinherentdi cultyofsuchwo rks,buta lsobec ausethey havenotlear nedtore adwellbypracticingo nthemor eaccessibleworks - mo re accessibletothem - oftheirowncul ture.A ndfinally,thelistislon genoughas itis. Oneothe romissionrequir escomment.Thelist,being oneofbooks,in- cludesthenames offewperson sknownprimar ilyas lyricp oets.So meofthe writersonthelistwro telyri cpoems,of course,butt heyarebestknown for other,longerworks. Thisfactisnott obetakenasrefle ctingaprejudiceon ourpartagain stlyri cpoetry.Butwe wouldrecommends tartingwi thagood anthologyofpoetryrathe rth anwiththecollecte dworksofasingleauthor. Palgrave'sTheGolden TreasuryandTheOxford BookofEnglishVerse aree x- cellentplacestos tart.Theseold erantho logiesshouldbesupplementedbymore modernones - forexam ple,SeldenRodman'sOneHundr edModernPoems,a collectionwidelyavailabl einpaperbackthat extendsthenotionofalyri cpo em inint erestingways.Sincereadinglyricp oetryrequiresspecialskill ,wewould alsorecommen danyofseveralavailablehandb ooksonth esu bject - forexam-

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND234

ple,MarkVan Doren'sIntroductiontoPoetry,ananthologythatalsocontains shortdiscussion sofhowtoreadmanyfamousl yrics. Weh avelistedthe booksbyauthorandt itle,butw ehavenotattempted toin dicateapublisherorapa rtic ularedition.Almosteveryworkonthelist isav ailableinsomeform,andm an yareavailableins everaleditions,bothpa- perbackandhardcover .However ,wehaveindic atedwhichauthorsandtitl es arein cludedintwosetsthatweourse lvesha veedited .TitlesincludedinGreat BooksoftheWeste rnWorldarei dentifiedbyasingleasterisk;authorsrepre- sentedinGatewaytotheGreat Booksarei dentifiedbyadoubleasterisk.

1.Hom er(9thCenturyB.C.?)

(a)*Iliad (b)*Odyssey

2.Th eOldTestam ent

3.Ae schylus(c.525-456B.C.)

(a)*Tra gedies

4.Sop hocles(c.495-406B.C.)

(a)*Tra gedies

5.He rodotus(c.484-425B.C.)

(a)*History(ofthePe rsianW ars)

6.Eu ripides(c.485-406B.C.)

(a)*Tr agedies (esp.Medea,Hippolytus,TheBacc hae)

7.Th ucydides(c.460-400B.C.)

(a)*HistoryofthePelopon nesia nWar

8.Hi ppocrates(c.460-377?B.C.)

(a)*Med icalWritings

9.Ari stophanes(c.448-380B.C.)

(a)*Co medies (esp.TheCl ouds,TheBi rds,TheFr ogs)

10.Pl ato(c.427-347B.C.)

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND235

(a)*Dia logues (esp.TheRe public,Symposium,Phaedo,Meno,Apology,Phaedrus,

Protagoras,Gorgias,Sophist,Theaetetus)

11.Ari stotle(384-322B.C.)

(a)*Wo rks (esp.Organon,Physics,Metaphysics,Onth eSoul,TheNi comachean

Ethics,Politics,Rhetoric,Poetics)

12.**E picurus(c.341-270B.C.)

(a)LettertoHerodotu s (b)LettertoMenoece us

13.E uclid(fl.c.300B.C.)

(a)*Elements(ofGeometry)

14.Arc himedes(c.287-212B.C.)

(a)*Wo rks (esp.OntheE quilibrium ofPlanes,OnF loatingBodies,TheSan d-

Reckoner)

15.Ap olloniusofPerga(fl.c.240B.C.)

(a)*OnCo nicSections

16.**Ci cero(106-43B.C.)

(a)Work s (esp.Orations,OnFrien dship,OnOld Age)

17.L ucretius(c.95-55B.C.)

(a)*Onth eNatureof Things

18.Vi rgil(70-19B.C.)

(a)*Wo rks

19.H orace(65-8B.C.)

(a)Work s (esp.Odesand Epodes,TheArtofP oetry)

20.Li vy(59B.C.-A.D.17)

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND236

(a)HistoryofRome

21.Ov id(43B.C.-A.D.17)

(a)Work s (esp.Metamorphoses)

22.**P lutarch(c.45-120)

(a)*LivesoftheNob leGrec iansandR omans (b)Moralia

23.**Tac itus(c.55-117)

(a)*Histories (b)*Annals (c)Agricola (d)Germania

24.N icomachusofGerasa(fl.c.100A. D.)

(a)*IntroductiontoArithmetic

25.**E pictetus(c.60-120)

(a)*Discourses (b)Encheiridion(Handbook)

26.Pt olemy(c.100-170;fl.127-151)

(a)*Almagest

27.**L ucian(c.120-c.190)

(a)Work s (esp.TheWayto WriteHisto ry,TheTrueHis tory,TheS aleof

Creeds)

28.Marc usAurelius(121-180)

(a)*Meditations

29.Gal en(c.130-200)

(a)*Ont heNatural Faculties

30.Th eNewTest ament

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND237

31.Pl otinus(205-270)

(a)*TheEn neads

32.St .Augustin e(354-430)

(a)Work s (esp.Ont heTeacher ,*Confessions,*TheCit yofGod,*Christian

Doctrine)

33.TheSon gofRoland(12thcentur y?)

34.TheNi belungenlied(13thcentury ?)

35.TheSagaof BurntNjal

36.St .ThomasAqui nas(c.1225-1274)

(a)*SummaTheologi ca

37.**Dan teAlighieri(1265-1321)

(a)Wor ks (b)(esp .TheN ewLife,OnM onarchy,*TheDi vineComedy)

38.Ge o

reyChauc er(c.1340-1400) (a)Work s

39.L eonardodaVinci(1452-1519)

(a)Notebooks

40.Ni ccolòMachiavelli(1469-1527)

(a)*ThePrince (b)DiscoursesontheFirstTenBooks ofLivy

41.De sideriusErasmus(c.1469-1536)

(a)ThePr aiseofFolly

42.Ni colausCopernicus(1473-1543)

(a)*Onth eRevolut ionsoftheHeavenlySpheres

43.S irThomasMore( c.1478-1535)

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND238

(a)Utopia

44.Mart inLuther(1483-1546)

(a)ThreeTreati ses (b)Table-Talk

45.F rançoisRabelais(c.1495-1553)

(a)*GargantuaandPantagruel

46.Joh nCalvin(1509-1564)

(a)InstitutesoftheChristianReli gion

47.M icheldeMontaigne(1533-1592)

(a)*Essays

48.Wi lliamGilbert(1540-1603)

(a)*Onth eLoadsto neandMagneticBodies

49.Mi gueldeCervantes(1547-1616)

(a)*DonQuixo te

50.E dmundSpenser(c.1552-1599)

(a)Prothalamion (b)TheFaërieQ ueene

51.**F rancisBacon(1561-1626)

(a)Essays (b)*AdvancementofLearning (c)*NovumOrganum (d)*NewAtl antis

52.W illiamShakespeare(1564-1616)

(a)*Wo rks

53.**G alileoGalilei(1564-1642)

(a)TheStarryMe ssenger (b)*DialoguesConcerningTwoNewSc iences

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND239

54.Joh annesKepler(1571-1630)

(a)*EpitomeofCopernicanAst ronom y (b)*ConcerningtheHarmoniesoftheW orld

55.Wi lliamHarvey(1578-1657)

(a)*OntheM otionofth eHeartandBloodinAn imals (b)*Onth eCircula tionoftheBlood (c)*Ont heGenerati onofAnimals

56.Th omasHobbes(1588-1679)

(a)*TheLe viathan

57.Re néDescartes(1596-1650)

(a)*RulesfortheDi rectionof theMind (b)*DiscourseonMethod (c)*Geometry (d)*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy

58.Joh nMilton(1608-1674)

(a)Wor ks (b)(esp .*theminorpoe ms,*Areopagitica,*ParadiseLost,*Samson

Agonistes)

59.**M olière(1622-1673)

(a)Come dies (b)(esp. TheMi ser,TheS choolforWives,TheMis anthrope,TheD octor inS piteofHimself ,Tartu!e)

60.Bl aisePascal(1623-1662)

(a)*TheProvin cialLetters (b)*Pensées (c)*Sc ientificTreatises

61.C hristiaanHuygens(1629-1695)

(a)*TreatiseonLight

62.Be nedictdeSpinoza(1632-1677)

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND240

(a)*Ethics

63.Joh nLocke(1632-1704)

(a)*LetterConcerningTo leration (b)*"O fCivilGovern ment"(secondtreati seinTwoTre atisesonGov- ernment) (c)*EssayConcerningH umanUnderstanding (d)ThoughtsConcerningEducat ion

64.Je anBaptisteR acine(1639-1699)

(a)Trag edies (esp.Andromache,Phaedra)

65.Is aacNewton(1642-1727)

(a)*MathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilo sophy (b)*Optics

66.Got tfriedWilhelmvonLeibniz (1646-1716)

(a)DiscourseonMetaphysics (b)NewEssays ConcerningHumanUnd erstanding (c)Monadology

67.**Dan ielDefoe(1660-1731)

(a)RobinsonCrusoe

68.**Jon athanSwift(1667-1745)

(a)ATaleofaTub (b)JournaltoStella (c)*Gulliver'sTravels (d)AModestProposal

69.Wi lliamCongreve(1670-1729)

(a)TheWayoft heWorld

70.Ge orgeBerkeley( 1685-1753)

(a)*PrinciplesofHumanKnowledge

71.Al exanderPope(1688-1744)

CHAPTER21.READING ANDTHEGROW THOFTHEMIND241

(a)EssayonCriticis m (b)RapeoftheL ock (c)EssayonMan

72.Ch arlesdeSecondat,Barond eMontes quieu(1689-1755)

(a)PersianLetters (b)*SpiritofLaws

73.**Vol taire(1694-1778)

(a)LettersontheEnglish (b)Candide (c)PhilosophicalDictionary

74.H enryFielding( 1707-1754)

(a)JosephAndrews (b)*TomJone s

75.**Sam uelJohnson(1709-1784)

(a)TheVan ityofHumanWishes (b)Dictionary (c)Rasselas (d)TheLi vesofthePoets (esp.theessay sonMil tonandPope)

76.**Da vidHume(1711-1776)

(a)TreatiseonHumanNature (b)EssaysMoralan dPolitical (c)*AnInqui ryConcerningHuman Understanding

77.**Je anJaquesRous seau(1712-1778)

(a)*OntheO riginofIne quality (b)*Ont hePolitic alEconomy (c)Emile (d)*TheSo cialContract

78.Lau renceSterne(1713-1768)

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