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Our Heritage, Our Future

The BLM and America's Public Lands

Suggested citation:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 2017. Our heritage, our future: ?e BLM and

America"s public lands. Bureau of Land Management, O?ce of Communications, Washington, DC.

Copies available from:

Bureau of Land Management

National Operations Center

Printed Materials Distribution Services

Denver Federal Center, Building 50

P.O. Box 25047

Denver, CO 80225

P-267 www.blm.gov/history ?e mention of company names, trade names, or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government.

BLM/WO/GI-18/002+1701

Dedication

e Bureau of Land Management (BLM) dedicates this book to all of its employees—past and present.

BLM employees serve the American public with

enthusiasm, perseverance, creativity, conviction, and commitment, and it is through their vision that future generations will be able to experience, value, and enjoy our treasured public land heritage.

Fort Ord National Monument in California.

iiiiiOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public LandsOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public Lands

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AIM Assessment, inventory, and monitoring

BLM Bureau of Land Management

EIS Environmental impact statement

FLPMA Federal Land Policy and Management Act

GIS Geographic information system

GLO General Land O?ce

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NLCS National Landscape Conservation System

O&C Oregon and California

REA Rapid ecoregional assessment

RMP Resource management plan

Contents

Foreword __________________________________________________________________ix

Acknowledgments

Prologue: Management of the Public Domain Evolves, 1776-1976 __________________1

Chapter 1:

The Federal Land Policy and Management Act Guides the Way, 1976-1990 ___________3 Land Use Planning Enters A New Era _______________________________________3 Forest Management Generates Debate ____________________________________7 Range Policy Changes Focus _____________________________________________9 Riparian Resource Management Finds Common Ground _____________________10 Fish and Wildlife Inventories Lead to Habitat Protection ______________________12 Cultural and Heritage Resources Face Growing Threats _______________________15 Designated Recreational Areas Increase ___________________________________17 The Wilderness Inventory Process Begins __________________________________20 Energy and Minerals Management Focuses on Independence _________________23 Public Land Disposal Authority Expands ___________________________________27 Congress Provides Law Enforcement Authority _____________________________30 Changes In?uence Fire and Aviation Management __________________________34 Wild Horse and Burro Inventories Identify Issues ____________________________38

Notes _______________________________________________________________40Chapter 2:The Bureau Embraces Ecosystem Management, 1990-2000

_______________________41 An Interdisciplinary Approach Guides the Planning Process ___________________41 Ecosystem Management Creates Challenges _______________________________43 A Threatened Species In?uences Northwest Forest Management ______________43 A Forest Summit Leads to the Development of the Northwest Forest Plan _______44 Science and Politics Merge in the Interior Columbia Basin ____________________47 Rangeland Conditions Improve __________________________________________49 Fish and Wildlife Habitat Improvements Help Restore Populations _____________51 “Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990s" Establishes Restoration Goals ________51 The War on Weeds Gets Underway _______________________________________54 Abandoned Mine Cleanups Recover Lost Landscapes ________________________54 “Recreation 2000" Ushers In New Programs and Sites ________________________54 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Comprise the "Great Outdoor Museum" _______________________________________________57 The President, Congress, and the Bureau Recognize Special Places _____________61 The Wild Horse and Burro Program Addresses Controversy____________________63 Energy and Minerals Management Considers Environmental Changes __________65 Wildland Fire Management Reaches a Turning Point _________________________68 Congress Passes Realty Management Reforms ______________________________71 The Bureau Develops a Professional Law Enforcement Program ________________71 Notes _______________________________________________________________74

Adobe Town Wilderness Study Area in Wyoming.

ivvOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public LandsOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public Lands

Chapter 3:

Collaborative Management Helps Address 21st Century Challenges, 2000-2009 _____75 The Secretary Establishes the National Landscape Conservation System _________75 Public Lands Experience Record Fire Seasons _______________________________82 A National Energy Policy Emerges ________________________________________87 The President Launches the Healthy Forests Initiative ________________________95 The Bureau Revises Its Western Oregon Plans ______________________________96 The Secretary Announces the Healthy Lands Initiative _______________________97 Habitat Assessments Take a Landscape Approach ___________________________99 The Bureau Focuses on Healthy, Sustainable Rangelands ____________________105 The Wild Horse and Burro Program Reaches a Critical Crossroads ______________107 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Take the Spotlight ___________________109 Recreation Management Focuses on Outcomes ___________________________112 The Lands and Realty Program Tackles Challenges _________________________114 Law Enforcement Collaborates with Local Partners _________________________118 A New West Leads to a Renewed Planning Emphasis _______________________123 The Bureau Develops a 21st Century Workforce ____________________________127 The Secretary Designates the National System of Public Lands _______________131 Notes ______________________________________________________________133

Featured Stories

Chapter 1

The Transforming E?ect of the Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree By D. Dean Bibles _________________________________________________9

Grazing Fees: The Next Generation

By Judy Nelson __________________________________________________11

Evolution of a Biologist

By Tim Carrigan _________________________________________________14 Working Underground for the Bureau of Land Management By James Goodbar _______________________________________________16

Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River

By Theresa Herrera _______________________________________________18

The Battle to Conserve the "Crown Jewels"

By Cecil D. Andrus _______________________________________________22

The Year of Three Agencies

By Larry Bauer __________________________________________________25

Northern Futures

By Bob Faithful __________________________________________________28

A Long Tradition of Federal Resource Protection

By Steven Martin ________________________________________________30

The Sagebrush Ceiling

By Lynell Schalk _________________________________________________33

Fire?ghting: Then and Now

By The BLM's National Interagency Fire Center External A?airs Sta? _________36

Adoptions Place Mustangs in Good Homes

By Sarah Beckwith _______________________________________________39Chapter 4: National Concerns Lead the Bureau in a New Direction, 2009-2012 ________________137 America Invests in Jobs _______________________________________________137 Energy and Minerals Programs Undergo Changes __________________________138 Initiatives Address Climate Change on Public Lands ________________________141 The National Landscape Conservation System Becomes Permanent ___________144 Recreation Demands Continue to Grow __________________________________150 Partners, Youth, and Volunteers Pitch In __________________________________151 Large-Scale Eorts Require a Strategic Planning Approach ___________________153 Wildlife Habitat Conservation Stretches Across Landscapes __________________153 Fire Policy Allows Management for Multiple Objectives _____________________155 A Task Force Revisits Northwestern Forest Issues ___________________________157 The Rangeland Program Addresses Drought Conditions _____________________158 The Secretary Develops a New Wild Horse and Burro Strategy ________________158 Lands, Realty, and Cadastral Survey Programs Support Bureau Priorities ________160 Law Enforcement Ocers Protect Against Resource Damage and Threats to Public Safety ____________________________________________165 Public Lands Provide Economic and Intrinsic Value _________________________166 Notes ______________________________________________________________169 Epilogue: The Bureau Looks to the Future, 2013 and Beyond _____________________173 Appendix: Directors of the Bureau of Land Management ________________________174 Index ____________________________________________________________________177Chapter 2

Ecosystem Thinking Comes to the Public Lands

By Mike Dombeck _______________________________________________42

Creating Options in Western Oregon

By Mike Bene?eld ________________________________________________44

The Road Less Traveled

By Gloria Brown _________________________________________________46 The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project By Cathy Humphrey ______________________________________________48 The First Resource Advisory Council Meeting—The First Broadcast By Chip Calamaio _______________________________________________50 The Evolution of Aquatic Resource Management in the BLM By Mike Crouse __________________________________________________53

The Fortymile National Wild and Scenic River

By Gene Ervine __________________________________________________55

Leading by Example: Volunteers and Friends Groups

By Dave Hunsaker _______________________________________________56

Who Owns Big Al?

By John P. Lee ___________________________________________________57 The Bisti Beast: The First Paleontological Excavation in BLM Wilderness By Pat Hester ___________________________________________________58 Environmental Education on the Ground: Native Plant Restoration at

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument

By Beth Kampschror______________________________________________60

Reminiscences of Wilderness and Training

Compiled by Jim Foote ____________________________________________62

Managing the BLM"s Helium Program

By Leslie A. Theiss ________________________________________________67

From Chains to Lasers and Global Satellites

By Robert Casias ________________________________________________70 Continental Divide National Scenic Trail in Colorado.

viviiOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public LandsOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public Lands

Chapter 3 _________________________________________________________________75 Establishment of the National Landscape Conservation System By Tom Fry _____________________________________________________77 The National Landscape Conservation System Extends to the Subtropics By Bruce Dawson ________________________________________________79

Pulling Together to Preserve History

By Mike Abel ___________________________________________________81

Great Basin Restoration Initiative

By Mike Pellant__________________________________________________82 Invasive Species Alter Fire Regimes and Fire Operations By Ken Frederick _________________________________________________84

Life on a BLM Engine

By Kari Boyd-Peak _______________________________________________85 Milford Flat: Utah"s Largest Fire Rehabilitation Project By Lola Bird ____________________________________________________86 Powder River Basin Resurveys: 20 years—16,000 Monuments By Joel T. Ebner__________________________________________________89

The Legendary Roan Plateau

By Jamie Connell, with David Boyd __________________________________91

Just How Big Is That Right-Of-Way Grant?

By Tom Hurshman _______________________________________________93 The BLM"s Innovative Approaches to Renewable Energy Development in Arizona By Kathy Pedrick ________________________________________________94

Restore New Mexico: A Model for the Nation

By Jesse Juen ___________________________________________________98 Looking Beyond the Strutting Grounds: Changing the Way the BLM Manages

Wildlife Habitat

By Dale Tribby _________________________________________________100 Lake Havasu Fisheries Improvement Program 1992-2011 By Lori Cook ___________________________________________________102 The Native Plant Materials Development Program and Seeds of Success By Peggy Olwell ________________________________________________104 Terror Comes to the High Desert: BLM Wild Horse and Burro Corrals

Are Firebombed

By Joseph Fontana ______________________________________________108Chapter 4

From Alaskan Sourdough to Little Miss Sunshine

By Linda Resseguie ______________________________________________140

The BLM Takes a Landscape Approach

By Kit Muller and Barry Rose ______________________________________143

Owyhee Canyonlands: A Lesson in Perseverance

By Robin Fehlau ________________________________________________145 Celebrating Science in the National Landscape Conservation System By Marietta Eaton ______________________________________________147 Celebrating the Legacy and Centennial of the Iditarod National Historic Trail By Kevin Keeler _________________________________________________149 America"s Backyard: The Growth of Outdoor Recreation on BLM Lands By Bob Ratcli?e and David O. Howell ________________________________151 Technological Changes Enhance Safety, Operations in Wildland Fire?ghting By Sheri Ascherfeld _____________________________________________156

Land and Water Conservation Fund Acquisitions

By David Beaver ________________________________________________162

The Road to Resolution: Revised Statute 2477

By Je? Holdren _________________________________________________164 The Value of the BLM"s Wild Side: Western Communities Bene?t from Open Landscapes By Luther Propst ________________________________________________167

Is Democracy Compatible with Conservation?

By Patricia Nelson Limerick _______________________________________168 Paleontological Resources Preservation Act of 2009 By Lucia Kuizon ________________________________________________110

Managing a Modern Day Fossil Bone Rush

By Alan L. Titus _________________________________________________111

Travel Management Is Everyone"s Business

By Mark Goldbach ______________________________________________112 Shelf Road Climbing Area: The BLM and the Climbing Community Scale the

Heights of Partnership

By Mark Hesse _________________________________________________113 New Century Brings New Funding for Land Acquisitions By David Beaver ________________________________________________115

Alaska Land Transfer

By Ramona Chinn and Christy Favorite ______________________________116 Stones and "Bones" Set by William (Billy) Octavius Owen in Wyoming By J.D. “Sam" Drucker ____________________________________________117 Special Agents Work with Resource Specialists to Uncover Fraud and Theft By Joe Nardinger _______________________________________________119

BLM Investigative Work Leads to Arson Convictions

By Kyle Gandiaga _______________________________________________120 The BLM Meets the Counterculture at the Burning Man Festival By Doran Sanchez ______________________________________________122

Tribal Consultation

By James G. Kenna ______________________________________________126

The Changing Face of the BLM

By Melissa Dukes _______________________________________________127

The Maturing of the BLM"s Tribal Relationships

By Cheryle Cobell Zwang _________________________________________129 Back to the Future: Changes in the BLM"s Organization in the 21st Century By Rebecca Mack and Alexandra Ritchie _____________________________130

A Director"s Perspective: 2007-2009

By James L. Caswell _____________________________________________132 White Mountains National Recreation Area in Alaska (L and R photos). ixOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public Lands

Foreword

being good neighbors and recognizing traditional uses of public lands.

We do this through the Federal Land Policy and

Management Act, passed by Congress in 1976. is

law enables us to promote multiple uses of public lands so that they may best meet the present and future needs of the American people.

Applying multiple use management requires broad

knowledge and skill. is is because of the breadth and diversity of today's public land resources and what they mean to the public. But the BLM has considerable experience to rely on.

You see, the BLM's roots go back to the early

years aer America's independence, when the young nation began acquiring additional lands.

At rst, Congress used these lands to encourage

homesteading and westward migration. To support this national goal, Congress created the GLO. Over time, values and attitudes regarding public lands

Old homestead in Idaho.

is book highlights the recent history of the

BLM and serves as a sequel to “Opportunity and

Challenge: e Story of BLM," released in 1988. It

reviews signicant changes that occurred within the agency through 2012 and explains how those changes aect public lands today. Together, the two books present a brief history of public land management, from the creation of the General

Land Oce (GLO) in 1812 to the 200th anniversary

of the GLO in 2012.

While the book recognizes the Bureau's evolution

from the GLO, we also consider this work a reection of how well suited the BLM is to address the Trump administration's priorities. is means supporting energy independence through environmentally responsible development; promoting conservation through shared stewardship; making America safe through eective border management; promoting jobs on working

landscapes; and serving the American family by shied, and Congress merged the GLO and another agency, the U.S. Grazing Service, creating our agency in 1946.

is book is unique in that it draws largely from the rsthand experiences of current and former BLM employees. ey are not historians, but they have lived a specialized history, implementing evolving public land management direction and meeting the late 20th and early 21st century challenges of multiple use management in the face of increasing demands for public land uses. In short, they are real Americans working to turn public policy into reality on the ground.

In reading “Our Heritage, Our Future: e BLM

and America's Public Lands," I am condent you will see that as history has shaped public lands and how they are used, our agency has been there to meet the opportunities and challenges that accompany change.

Michael D. Nedd

Acting Deputy Director, Operations

Bureau of Land Management

Rogue River Ranch National Historic Site in Oregon. xiOur Heritage, Our Future | The BLM and America's Public Lands

Acknowledgments

Derrick Henry, Linda Hill, Dave Hunsaker,

Jennifer Kapus, Je Kitchens, Je Krauss,

Elizabeth Rieben, Mitch Snow, Hans Stuart,

Kyle Sullivan, Twinkle ?ompson, and

Bev Winston. ?e team is indebted to the book"s

authors: Derrick Baldwin, Bibi Booth, Elaine Brong,

Don Buhler, Brianna Candelaria, Bob Casias,

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