[PDF] Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe

View - Download Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe

Previous PDF

Next PDF

Nomos

Publications of the

| 19

European Union Liaison Committee of Historians

Disintegration and Integration

in East-Central Europe

Wilfried Loth | Nicolae P

8 un (eds.)

1919 - post-1989

BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 106.05.14 08:27

Publications of the European Union Liaison Committee of Historians

Volume 16

BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 206.05.14 08:27

1919 - post-1989

Disintegration and Integration

in East-Central Europe Nomos

Wilfried Loth | Nicolae Păun (eds.)

BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 306.05.14 08:27

1st edition 2014

© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2014. Printed in Germany. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting , re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or sim ilar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law whe re copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to »Verwertungsgesel lschaft Wort",

Munich.

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

ISBN 978-3-8487-1330-1

(Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden)

978-606-526-178-5 (Editura Fundaţiei pentru Studii Europene)

BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 406.05.14 08:27

Table of contents

INTRODUCTION

9

Wilfried LOTH

The European Union as a Pan-European Project

13

Ioan-Aurel POP

Preliminaries to European Integration in the Transylvanian Area (Case Study on Unity and Diversity) 22

THE END OF EMPIRES AND THE ATTEMPTS AT

CREATING A NEW BALANCE (1919-1945)

Lucian LEU

The Late Start of the Little Entente. Regional Cooperation within East-Central Europe in Times of Adversity (1920-1921) 31

Gérard BOSSUAT

L'Europe pour la paix: certitude et interrogations 44
Régionalisme agraire et crédit agricole en Europe Centrale autour de l'année 1930 51
Le paradigme du développement économique en Europe Centrale et Orientale pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. Des contributions françaises en Roumanie 60
"New Central Europe" in Co-operating and United Europe. Czechoslovak Ideas in 1920s and 1930s and Attempts at Co- ordination with Austrian and Hungarian Ideas 78
Uniting the Balkans: Common Desires and First Initiatives in the

Interwar Period

93
THE END OF THE NAZI “EMPIRE" IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE CREATION OF A NEW “EMPIRE" IN THE EAST (1945-1989)

FEJÉRDY

Orientale en janvier 1952

1LFRODV%$'$/$66,

processus d"Helsinki -HU]\à$=25:RMFLHFK025$:6.,

6DUD7$9$1,

Italian-Polish Relations over the 1970"s and 1980"s -DQXV].$/,6.,àXNDV]':,/(:,&=

Relationship?

1989: THE END OF EUROPE"S DIVISION. A NEW

EUROPE THROUGH INTEGRATION

0LFKDHO*(+/(5

Austrian Perceptions and International Reactions 1989-90 Latecomers (Bulgaria and Romania) Seen Through the Prism of CVM (ZD6=&=(3$1.,(:,&=58'=.$ l"integration européenne. Point de vue polonais.

0DULXV-8&$1

United States in Age of the Transatlantic Rift

240
Ch Between the Economic Agenda and the Need of Strategic Security: East-Central Europe in the Context of the Transatlantic Relation's

Disruption

254
The European Community and Yugoslavia in the Late Cold War

Years, 1976-1989

264

Serbia's EU Future: Concerns and Perspectives

284

WESTERN EUROPE"S APPROVAL OF EUROPE"S EASTWARD

ENLARGEMENT - A STARTING POINT FOR EUROPE"S NEW FUTURE

Antonio VARSORI

Italy's attempts at integrating East-Central Europe in a new continental balance: an early response to the crisis of the Communist bloc (1989-1991) 293

Germany and the EU-Eastern Enlargement

305

Georgiana CICEO

Hard Core Europe? Possible Scenarios for the Prospect of

Differentiated Integration?

315
331
Integration as Disintegration. Some Remarks on the Romanian Case viewed by Emil Cioran 352

Future Scenarios for United Europe

357

TABLE OF CONTRIBUTORS

375
PUBLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LIAISON COMMITTEE OF HISTORIANS 379
9

Introduction

This volume is a collection of articles pertaining to the sinuous topic of European Construction in the East-Central European area, throughout the 20 th century and beyond, from a dual perspective, as decided by the intricate course of history: disintegration and integration. The contributions presented hereafter were upheld by their respective authors during the colloquium entitled "Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe (1919 - post-1989)", which was hosted by the the 20 th and the 23 rd of February 2013, in collaboration with the European Union's Liaison Committee of Historians of European Integration. main topic, which have been divided into four major sections, following the con- signed by Wilfried Loth, performs a thorough investigation into the avatars of the broader Pan-European project in this part of the continent. On the other hand, the Academy Ioan-Aurel Pop, aims to provide a historical framework for the area that of Transylvania. Surprising projects aimed at the ideal of European Integration stem from the history of this place, which render the city of Cluj-Napoc a, located in the very heart of Transylvania, an optimal location for discussing the origins and outcomes of European Construction in the complex area of East-Central Eu rope. Empires, i.e. the tumultuous period surrounding the First World War and its after- math, one that ultimately led to the creation of what we have referred to as "a new balance" on the stage of European affairs and beyond. The interwar period fostered numerous attempts at cooperation amongst states in Central and Eastern Europe, which our contributors have analysed from a plethora of viewpoints. Amongst the latter we should outline endeavours of regional cooperation, such as the "Little tion projects in the East and West relies on multiple similarities, one of which being the ideal of peace, promoted on both sides of the continent, as proved by Gérard Bossuat. An evident merit of this collection of ideas is not to have left aside the prominent economic perspective, which ultimately turned out to be the driv- ing force of European Construction, albeit the balance between the political and the economic realms has always yielded controversy, in terms of primacy. Thus, Sylvain Schirmann takes the focus on the interwar period to the level of agricul- tural regionalism and investments, which played a major role in the development 10 of East-Central Europe at the time, given the predominantly agrarian character the principles of what we are entitled to call a genuine paradigm of economic development in the region, during the 1920s and 1930s, which relied massively on foreign investments, a veritable linker between the two sides of the continent, as it emerges from the case study presented on the topic of French capital in the Romanian economy. Last, but most certainly not least, two interesting contribu- ing the framework for cooperation in East-Central Europe in the interwar period, whilst assessing the feasibility of projects stemming from the Czechoslovakian area and the Balkans, respectively. The second section of the volume follows the course of history, moving beyond the atrocities of the Second World War and the dissolution of the so-called Nazi Empire, in order to focus its attention on the modelling of a new "Empire", in the Eastern part of the European continent. Its existence, spanning the interval between 1945 and 1989, triggered the particularly intricate phenomenon generally referred to as the Cold War, marked by the unnatural separation of the Eastern and Western sides of the continent by an Iron Curtain. The alternatives provided by the Soviet Bloc to the much more effective Marshall Plan nevertheless proved to be tives such as that of the European Movement in 1952 attempted to sketch valid perspectives for the future of this dynamic area, as outlined by Gergely Fejérdy. From an economic standpoint, the parallel development of the Comecon and the European Economic Community exhibits notable differences and approaches to successful integration, all of which are pertinently analysed by Nicolas Badalassi. Furthermore, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance manifested a series Wojciech Morawski, with complex economic consequences on the entire Eastern Bloc, whose prosperity and overall level of economic development began to lag behind the more dynamic Economic Community under construction in the West, the various levels of economic integration in the area of the continent that interests us, the volume boasts two interesting perspectives, namely the exchange between East and West resulting from the Italian-Polish relations, analysed by Sara Tavani, on the one hand, and the question of monetary integration, portrayed in the contro- The end of communism and the beginning of the so-called transition in East- Central Europe have prompted us to include a separate section dedicated to the New Europe and its attempts at integrating into the European Union, thus marking the historic end of division on the continent. Several of the contributions paint the 11 picture of accession endeavours by various states in the area, so as to underline the challenges arising in the process, as well as the contributions of the latter to forms an analysis of revolutions in East-Central Europe, from the viewpoint of the international community and, in particular, Austria, boasting the preliminary framework for comprehending the future course of action undertaken by the states in the region. The complex dossier engendered by Yugoslavia holds an esteemed place in this chapter, thanks to the research conducted by Benedetto Zaccaria, whilst Serbia's perspectives of European integration are weighed in the balance tion became paved, examples of more or less successful endeavours are provided in ample analyses, such as the one performed by Georgi Dimitrov, on the cases of both Romania and Bulgaria. An additional perspective lies within the frame- work of the Visegrád Group, whose contribution to the process of integration of not only Poland, but also the rest of its members, is pinpointed through numer- ous pertinent qualitative analyses performed by Ewa Szczepankiewicz-Rudzka. This context would be incomplete in the absence of the transatlantic partnership, which translates to cultural relations, as well as to the issue of security, in the view of Marius Jucan and Michael O'Neill, respectively. To elaborate on the subject, Valentin Naumescu brings into the equation current matters pertaining to the eco- nomic agenda and strategic security, so as to further this ample section dedicated to the relations between the European Union and the United States, with a par- partnership. Needless to say, the integration of East-Central Europe into the European Union would have been inconceivable without the support of the West and its willing- ness to pave the way for enlargement, in an ultimate feat of what we may perhaps cated to the support provided by Old Europe to the newest member states of the EU, albeit this endeavour has met with considerable hurdles, revolving around the institutional, economic and identity crises of modern European Construction. Our contributors have provided two important studies focusing on the Italian and German attitudes towards Eastern enlargement, thanks to the research of Antonio Varsori and Wichard Woyke, respectively. Nevertheless, in the intricate context fostered by Euroscepticism, opt-out mechanisms and institutional dysfunctions, the prospects of differentiated integration are looming on the horizon, as it has been accurately portrayed by Georgiana Ciceo in her original article, centred on the idea of "hard core Europe". The overview of the current state of affairs within the European Union would certainly be incomplete without a comprehen- sive approach to the crisis it is experiencing, whose roots may be traced to the 12 phenomenon and paints a realistic picture of a potential outcome of the current crisis. Ovidiu Pecican then conducts an interesting exploration of the universe of Emil Cioran. The ending of this book has been entrusted to Alberto Gasparini, whose exploration of civil societies and social classes within the European Union at this time enables the author to propose a plethora of scenarios which are likely to draw the guidelines of future European Integration, moving along the sinuous and unpredictable path to political union. This historical thread, pursued due to the research of reputable scholars in the area of European Integration, has the merit of providing a comprehensive insight into the state of integration of East-Central European countries. The chronological perspective adopted by the four sections of the book enables the reader to explore the roots of this phenomenon, the numerous obstacles that have arisen am id politi- cal and social turmoil, the various alternative models proposed by the dominant political class and, ultimately, the option for reconstructing a united continent. The thesis of the Two Europes, deeply rooted in the interwar period, witnesses a recali- bration following the collapse of the dreaded Iron Curtain, with the emergence of a New Europe, in a quest for identity and recognition. The synergies between the latter and the more experienced Western part of the continent in terms of integra- tion have enabled the European Union to become stronger, more united and more representative in a world driven by globalisation, with the fresh empowerment stand, but also with challenges and facing a long way ahead before it achieves its ambitions.

Dr. ă

Professor Jean Monnet Ad Personam of European Integration 13

The European Union as a Pan-European Project

Wilfried LOTH

Abstract:

Keywords:

Contemporaries of the Cold War saw the European Union mostly as an element of Western integration and Western block building. As a consequence, the hostile attitude of the Soviet Union towards the efforts to integrate Western Europe the success of these efforts in terms of Marxist-Leninist theory, 1 the enduring tensions between the European Communities and the Soviet Union could be easily understood. When after the collapse of the Soviet bloc former member countries aimed at becoming members of the EU this was usually interpreted as an expansion of the integrated West. However, if we look more closely on the beginnings of European integration we can discover that the integrated Europe was much more than a conseque nce of the Cold War and that, as a consequence, the hostility of the Soviet Union towards the EU was not as inevitable as it seems to have been. Broadly speaking, four dif- ferent driving forces can be recognized behind the process of European i ntegra- tion: the maintenance of peace among sovereign states in Europe; the res olving of the German question - that is the problem of a potentially dominant s tate in the middle of the European continent; the preservation of economic productiv ity in a time of national markets in Europe becoming too small for rational pro duction as well as the Soviet Union. 2 It should be no surprise that such motives emerged not only in the Westerns parts of the European continent but in its Eastern parts as well. 1 See Wolfgang Müller, "The Soviet Union and Early West European Integration", in: Journal

15 (2009/2), pp. 67-85.

2 For a general view, see Wilfried Loth, "Explaining European Integration: The Contribution from Historians", in: 14 (2008/1), pp. 9-26. 14 I a borderline between Eastern Europe and Western Europe was never envisaged. People from Middle and Eastern Europe articulated them in the same perspective as people from Western Europe, and this perspective was a pan-European one. The only dispute splitting the adherents of the European idea was if Great Britain should become a member of a united Europe or not. Richard Coudenhove-Kal ergi in his book on "Paneuropa" did not envisage a British participation whereas the adherents of the "Union for a European Understanding" aimed at a strong con- nection with the Brits. The representatives of middle and east European countries had a considerable part in the activities and congresses of the European move- Paris and Vienna. The strongest groups of Coudenhove's "Pan-European Union" and the "European Customs Union" directed by the Hungarian economi st Elmer Hantos were established in the capitals of Middle and Eastern Europe. The car- tel of Western European steel producers established in 1926 due to the efforts of Emile Mayrisch was joined one year later by the steel producers of Austria,

Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

3 In the planning of European integration during the years of World War II 4 the Eastern Europeans were also participating at the same degree as the Western Europeans. detailed planning was developed by the representatives of the exiles and resistance of Eastern Europe. As early as 11 November 1940, the Polish government in exile President Eduard Beneš had issued a joint declaration of their intention "to enter, as independent and sovereign states, into a closer political and economic asso ciation" which was to be joined by "other countries in that part of the European 3

Walter Lipgens,

Oxford: Clarendon Press 1982, pp. 35-44; Anita Ziegerhofer-Prettenthaler, / Ignác Romsics (eds.), ČHis early schemes and concepts of Europe", in: , Brno: Masaryk University, 2008, pp. 66-112. 4 See Wilfried Loth, "Sources of European Integration: The Meaning of Failed Interwar Politics and the Role of World War II", in: Ludger Kühnhardt (ed.), , New York / Oxford: Berghahn, 2009, pp.

19-32; Walter Lipgens (ed.),

, Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, 1985/1986. 15 continent". 5 On 23 January 1942, the two governments concluded a formal agree- ment in which they undertook to form a Polish-Czechoslovakian "confederation" after the war. They agreed that periodical meetings of the deputies and govern- ments of both countries should provide a close coordination and the development of common policies of both countries. Sikorski and the Polish government in exile wanted to go even further. Theirquotesdbs_dbs27.pdfusesText_33

[PDF] Body image and eating disorders amongst - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] BODY JAM CAF BODY COMBAT STEP POWER FITNESS BODY - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] Body Karaté Karaté Tai Chi

[PDF] Body Key : Shake crémeux bodykey™ - Chocolat

[PDF] BODY LIFT KIT - SDL Suspension - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] Body Massage Oil Huile de Massage - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] body move association annee 2016-2017

[PDF] body nature - Breizh Nature

[PDF] BODY PAINTING

[PDF] body painting - Make Up For Ever - France

[PDF] Body Part Practice - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] Body Percussion

[PDF] Body Pillow - Grany Confort Medical - Canapés Et Fauteuils

[PDF] Body Rox - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] Body Rox - USANA Supplements - Anciens Et Réunions