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f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page ii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page i

Android

Hacker"s Handbook

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page ii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page iii

Joshua J. Drake

Pau Oliva Fora

Zach Lanier

Collin Mulliner

Stephen A. Ridley

Georg Wicherski

Android

Hacker"s

Handbook

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page iv

Android

Hacker"s Handbook

Published by

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Indianapolis, IN 46256

www.wiley.com Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

ISBN: 978-1-118-60864-7

ISBN: 978-1-118-60861-6 (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-118-92225-5 (ebk)

Manufactured in the United States of America

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is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. v f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page v Joshua J. Drake is a Director of Research Science at Accuvant LABS. Joshua focuses on original research in areas such as reverse engineering and the analy- sis, discovery, and exploitation of security vulnerabilities. He has over 10 years of experience in the information security ? eld including researching Linux security since 1994, researching Android security since 2009, and consulting with major Android OEMs since 2012. In prior roles, he served at Metasploit and VeriSign"s iDefense Labs. At BlackHat USA 2012, Georg and Joshua demon- strated successfully exploiting the Android 4.0.1 browser via NFC. Joshua spoke at REcon, CanSecWest, RSA, Ruxcon/Breakpoint, Toorcon, and DerbyCon. He won Pwn2Own in 2013 and won the DefCon 18 CTF with the ACME Pharm team in 2010.

Pau Oliva Fora

is a Mobile Security Engineer with viaForensics. He has pre- viously worked as R+D Engineer in a wireless provider. He has been actively researching security aspects on the Android operating system since its debut with the T-Mobile G1 on October 2008. His passion for smartphone security has manifested itself not just in the numerous exploits and tools he has authored but in other ways, such as serving as a moderator for the very popular XDA- Developers forum even before Android existed. In his work, he has provided consultation to major Android OEMs. His close involvement with and observa- tion of the mobile security communities has him particularly excited to be a part of pulling together a book of this nature. Zach Lanier is a Senior Security Researcher at Duo Security. Zach has been involved in various areas of information security for over 10 years. He has been conducting mobile and embedded security research since 2009,

About the Authors

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page vi ranging from app security, to platform security (especially Android), to device, network, and carrier security. His areas of research interest include both offensive and defensive techniques, as well as privacy-enhancing technologies. He has presented at various public and private industry conferences, such as BlackHat, DEFCON, ShmooCon, RSA, Intel Security Conference, Amazon

ZonCon, and more.

Collin Mulliner is a postdoctoral researcher at Northeastern University. His main interest lies in security and privacy of mobile and embedded systems with an emphasis on mobile and smartphones. His early work dates back to 1997, when he developed applications for Palm OS. Collin is known for his work on the (in) security of the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and the Short Message Service (SMS). In the past he was mostly interested in vulnerability analysis and offensive security but recently switched his focus the defensive side to develop mitigations and countermeasures. Collin received a Ph.D. in computer science computer science at UC Santa Barbara and FH Darmstadt. Ridley (as his colleagues refer to him) is a security researcher and author with more than 10 years of experience in software development, software security, and reverse engineering. In that last few years Stephen has presented his research and spoken about reverse engineering and software security on every continent (except Antarctica). Previously Stephen served as the Chief Information Security Of? cer of Simple.com, a new kind of online bank. Before that, Stephen was senior researcher at Matasano Security and a founding member of the Security and Mission Assurance (SMA) group at a major U.S defense contractor, where he specialized in vulnerability research, reverse engineering, and "offensive software" in support of the U.S. Defense and Intelligence community. At pres- ent, Stephen is principal researcher at Xipiter (an information security R&D ? rm that has also developed a new kind of low-power smart-sensor device). Recently, Stephen and his work have been featured on NPR and NBC and in Wired, the Washington Post, Fast Company, VentureBeat, Slashdot, The Register, and other publications. Georg Wicherski is Senior Security Researcher at CrowdStrike. Georg particularly enjoys tinkering with the low-level parts in computer security; hand-tuning custom-written shellcode and getting the last percent in exploit reliability stable. Before joining CrowdStrike, Georg worked at Kaspersky and McAfee. At BlackHat USA 2012, Joshua and Georg demonstrated successfully exploiting the Android 4.0.1 browser via NFC. He spoke at REcon, SyScan, BlackHat USA and Japan, 26C3, ph-Neutral, INBOT, and various other confer- ences. With his local CTF team 0ldEur0pe, he participated in countless and won numerous competitions. vi About the Authors vii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page vii Rob Shimonski (www.shimonski.com) is a best-selling author and editor with over 15 years" experience developing, producing and distributing print media in the form of books, magazines, and periodicals. To date, Rob has successfully created over 100 books that are currently in circulation. Rob has worked for countless companies that include CompTIA, Microsoft, Wiley, McGraw Hill Education, Cisco, the National Security Agency, and Digidesign. Rob has over 20 years" experience working in IT, networking, systems, and security. He is a veteran of the US military and has been entrenched in security topics for his entire professional career. In the military Rob was assigned to a communications (radio) battalion supporting training efforts and exercises. Having worked with mobile phones practically since their inception, Rob is an expert in mobile phone development and security.

About the Technical Editor

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page viii ix f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page ix

Executive Editor

Carol Long

Project Editors

Ed Connor

Sydney Jones Argenta

Technical Editor

Rob Shimonski

Production Editor

Daniel Scribner

Copy Editor

Charlotte Kughen

Editorial Manager

Mary Beth Wake? eld

Freelancer Editorial Manager

Rosemarie Graham

Associate Director of Marketing

David MayhewMarketing ManagerAshley Zurcher

Business Manager

Amy Knies

Vice President and Executive

Group Publisher

Richard Swadley

Associate Publisher

Jim Minatel

Project Coordinator, Cover

Todd Klemme

Proofreaders

Mark Steven Long

Josh Chase, Word One

Indexer

Ron Strauss

Cover Designer

Wiley

Credits

Cover Image

The Android robot is reproduced or modi? ed from work created and shared by Google and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons

3.0 Attribution License.

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page x xi f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xi I thank my family, especially my wife and son, for their tireless support and affection during this project. I thank my peers from both industry and academia; their research efforts push the boundary of public knowledge. I extend my gratitude to: my esteemed coauthors for their contributions and candid discus- sions, Accuvant for having the grace to let me pursue this and other endeavors, and Wiley for spurring this project and guiding us along the way. Last, but not least, I thank the members of #droidsec, the Android Security Team, and the Qualcomm Security Team for pushing Android security forward.

Joshua J. Drake

I"d like to thank Iolanda Vilar for pushing me into writing this book and sup- porting me during all the time I"ve been away from her at the computer. Ricard and Elena for letting me pursue my passion when I was a child. Wiley and all the coauthors of this book, for the uncountable hours we"ve been working on this together, and specially Joshua Drake for all the help with my broken English. The colleagues at viaForensics for the awesome technical research we do together. And ? nally all the folks at #droidsec irc channel, the Android Security com- munity in G+, Nopcode, 48bits, and everyone who I follow on Twitter; without you I wouldn"t be able to keep up with all the advances in mobile security.

Pau Oliva

Acknowledgments

xii Acknowledgments f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xii I would like to thank Sally, the love of my life, for putting up with me; my family for encouraging me; Wiley/Carol/Ed for the opportunity; my coauthors for sharing this arduous but awesome journey; Ben Nell, Craig Ingram, Kelly Lum, Chris Valasek, Jon Oberheide, Loukas K., Chris Valasek, John Cran, and Patrick Schulz for their support and feedback; and other friends who"ve helped and supported me along the way, whether either of us knows it or not.

Zach Lanier

I would like to thank my girlfriend Amity, my family, and my friends and colleagues for their continued support. Further, I would like to thank my advi- sors for providing the necessary time to work on the book. Special thanks to

Joshua for making this book happen.

Collin Mulliner

No one deserves more thanks than my parents: Hiram O. Russell, and Imani Russell, and my younger siblings: Gabriel Russell and Mecca Russell. A great deal of who (and what) I am, is owed to the support and love of my family. Both of my parents encouraged me immensely and my brother and sister never cease to impress me in their intellect, accomplishments, and quality as human beings. You all are what matter most to me. I would also like to thank my beautiful ? an- cée, Kimberly Ann Hartson, for putting up with me through this whole process and being such a loving and calming force in my life. Lastly, I would like to thank the information security community at large. The information security community is a strange one, but one I "grew up" in nonetheless. Colleagues and researchers (including my coauthors) are a source of constant inspiration and provide me with the regular sources of news, drama, and aspirational goals that keep me interested in this kind of work. I am quite honored to have been given the opportunity to collaborate on this text.

Stephen A. Ridley

I sincerely thank my wife, Eva, and son, Jonathan, for putting up with me spending time writing instead of caring for them. I love you two. I thank Joshua for herding cats to make this book happen.

Georg Wicherski

xiii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xiii

Introduction xxv

Chapter 1 Looking at the Ecosystem 1

Chapter 2 Android Security Design and Architecture 25

Chapter 3 Rooting Your Device 57

Chapter 4 Reviewing Application Security 83

Chapter 5 Understanding Android"s Attack Surface 129 Chapter 6 Finding Vulnerabilities with Fuzz Testing 177 Chapter 7 Debugging and Analyzing Vulnerabilities 205

Chapter 8 Exploiting User Space Software 263

Chapter 9 Return Oriented Programming 291

Chapter 10 Hacking and Attacking the Kernel 309

Chapter 11 Attacking the Radio Interface Layer 367

Chapter 12 Exploit Mitigations 391

Chapter 13 Hardware Attacks 423

Appendix A Tool Catalog 485

Appendix B Open Source Repositories 501

Appendix C References 511

Index 523

Contents at a Glance

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xiv xv ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xv

Introduction xxv

Chapter 1 Looking at the Ecosystem 1

Understanding Android"s Roots 1

Company History 2

Version History 2

Examining the Device Pool 4

Open Source, Mostly 7

Understanding Android Stakeholders 7

Google 8

Hardware Vendors 10

Carriers 12

Developers 13

Users 14

Grasping Ecosystem Complexities 15

Fragmentation 16

Compatibility 17

Update Issues 18

Security versus Openness 21

Public Disclosures 22

Summary 23

Chapter 2 Android Security Design and Architecture 25

Understanding Android System Architecture 25

Understanding Security Boundaries and Enforcement 27

Android"s Sandbox 27

Android Permissions 30

Looking Closer at the Layers 34

Android Applications 34

The Android Framework 39

Contents

xvi Contents ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xvi

The Dalvik Virtual Machine 40

User-Space Native Code 41

The Kernel 49

Complex Security, Complex Exploits 55

Summary 56

Chapter 3 Rooting Your Device 57

Understanding the Partition Layout 58

Determining the Partition Layout 59

Understanding the Boot Process 60

Accessing Download Mode 61

Locked and Unlocked Boot Loaders 62

Stock and Custom Recovery Images 63

Rooting with an Unlocked Boot Loader 65

Rooting with a Locked Boot Loader 68

Gaining Root on a Booted System 69

NAND Locks, Temporary Root, and Permanent Root 70

Persisting a Soft Root 71

History of Known Attacks 73

Kernel: Wunderbar/asroot 73

Recovery: Volez 74

Udev: Exploid 74

Adbd: RageAgainstTheCage 75

Zygote: Zimperlich and Zysploit 75

Ashmem: KillingInTheNameOf and psneuter 76

Vold: GingerBreak 76

PowerVR: levitator 77

Libsysutils: zergRush 78

Kernel: mempodroid 78

File Permission and Symbolic Link...Related Attacks 79

Adb Restore Race Condition 79

Exynos4: exynos-abuse 80

Diag: lit / diaggetroot 81

Summary 81

Chapter 4 Reviewing Application Security 83

Common Issues 83

App Permission Issues 84

Insecure Transmission of Sensitive Data 86

Insecure Data Storage 87

Information Leakage Through Logs 88

Unsecured IPC Endpoints 89

Case Study: Mobile Security App 91

Pro? ling 91

Static Analysis 93

Dynamic Analysis 109

Attack 117

Contents xvii

ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xvii

Case Study: SIP Client 120

Enter Drozer 121

Discovery 121

Snar? ng 122

Injection 124

Summary 126

Chapter 5 Understanding Android"s Attack Surface 129

An Attack Terminology Primer 130

Attack Vectors 130

Attack Surfaces 131

Classifying Attack Surfaces 133

Surface Properties 133

Classi? cation Decisions 134

Remote Attack Surfaces 134

Networking Concepts 134

Networking Stacks 139

Exposed Network Services 140

Mobile Technologies 142

Client-side Attack Surface 143

Google Infrastructure 148

Physical Adjacency 154

Wireless Communications 154

Other Technologies 161

Local Attack Surfaces 161

Exploring the File System 162

Finding Other Local Attack Surfaces 163

Physical Attack Surfaces 168

Dismantling Devices 169

USB 169

Other Physical Attack Surfaces 173

Third-Party Modi? cations 174

Summary 174

Chapter 6 Finding Vulnerabilities with Fuzz Testing 177

Fuzzing Background 177

Identifying a Target 179

Crafting Malformed Inputs 179

Processing Inputs 180

Monitoring Results 181

Fuzzing on Android 181

Fuzzing Broadcast Receivers 183

Identifying a Target 183

Generating Inputs 184

Delivering Inputs 185

Monitoring Testing 185

xviii Contents ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xviii

Fuzzing Chrome for Android 188

Selecting a Technology to Target 188

Generating Inputs 190

Processing Inputs 192

Monitoring Testing 194

Fuzzing the USB Attack Surface 197

USB Fuzzing Challenges 198

Selecting a Target Mode 198

Generating Inputs 199

Processing Inputs 201

Monitoring Testing 202

Summary 204

Chapter 7 Debugging and Analyzing Vulnerabilities 205

Getting All Available Information 205

Choosing a Toolchain 207

Debugging with Crash Dumps 208

System Logs 208

Tombstones 209

Remote Debugging 211

Debugging Dalvik Code 212

Debugging an Example App 213

Showing Framework Source Code 215

Debugging Existing Code 217

Debugging Native Code 221

Debugging with the NDK 222

Debugging with Eclipse 226

Debugging with AOSP 227

Increasing Automation 233

Debugging with Symbols 235

Debugging with a Non-AOSP Device 241

Debugging Mixed Code 243

Alternative Debugging Techniques 243

Debug Statements 243

On-Device Debugging 244

Dynamic Binary Instrumentation 245

Vulnerability Analysis 246

Determining Root Cause 246

Judging Exploitability 260

Summary 261

Chapter 8 Exploiting User Space Software 263

Memory Corruption Basics 263

Stack Buffer Over? ows 264

Heap Exploitation 268

Contents xix

ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xix

A History of Public Exploits 275

GingerBreak 275

zergRush 279 mempodroid 283

Exploiting the Android Browser 284

Understanding the Bug 284

Controlling the Heap 287

Summary 290

Chapter 9 Return Oriented Programming 291

History and Motivation 291

Separate Code and Instruction Cache 292

Basics of ROP on ARM 294

ARM Subroutine Calls 295

Combining Gadgets into a Chain 297

Identifying Potential Gadgets 299

Case Study: Android 4.0.1 Linker 300

Pivoting the Stack Pointer 301

Executing Arbitrary Code from a New Mapping 303

Summary 308

Chapter 10 Hacking and Attacking the Kernel 309

Android"s Linux Kernel 309

Extracting Kernels 310

Extracting from Stock Firmware 311

Extracting from Devices 314

Getting the Kernel from a Boot Image 315

Decompressing the Kernel 316

Running Custom Kernel Code 316

Obtaining Source Code 316

Setting Up a Build Environment 320

Con? guring the Kernel 321

Using Custom Kernel Modules 322

Building a Custom Kernel 325

Creating a Boot Image 329

Booting a Custom Kernel 331

Debugging the Kernel 336

Obtaining Kernel Crash Reports 337

Understanding an Oops 338

Live Debugging with KGDB 343

Exploiting the Kernel 348

Typical Android Kernels 348

Extracting Addresses 350

Case Studies 352

Summary 364

xx Contents ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xx Chapter 11 Attacking the Radio Interface Layer 367

Introduction to the RIL 368

RIL Architecture 368

Smartphone Architecture 369

The Android Telephony Stack 370

Telephony Stack Customization 371

The RIL Daemon (rild) 372

The Vendor-RIL API 374

Short Message Service (SMS) 375

Sending and Receiving SMS Messages 376

SMS Message Format 376

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