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Computer Science

Thesis no: MCS-2013-05

May 2013

School of Computing

Blekinge Institute of Technology

SE 371 79 Karlskrona

Sweden

Context based reminder system

Supporting persons using smart phone accelerometer data

Nisar Khan

Fazlullah Khan

ii This thesis is submitted to the School of Computing at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science. The thesis is equivalent to 20 weeks of full time studies.

Contact Information:

Author(s):

Nisar Khan

Address: Karlskrona, Sweden

E-mail: misterkhan01@yahoo.com

Fazlullah Khan

Address: Ronneby, Sweden

E-mail: fazl_dir@yahoo.com

University advisor:

Jenny Lundberg

Jenny.lundberg@bth.se

School of Computing

School of Computing

Blekinge Institute of Technology

SE 371 79 Karlskrona

Sweden

Internet : www.bth.se/com

Phone : +46 455 38 50 00

Fax : +46 455 38 50 57

I

ABSTRACT

Context: Sensor base data is being used for many purposes in designing various memory aid systems for cognitive impaired people. Different memory aids or reminder systems are based on various technologies such as NFC, accelerometer, GPS and gyroscope. Smart phones are equipped with such sensors and can be used for assistance of persons. In this study we use smart phone sensors in order to design a context aware reminder system to assist cognitive impaired people. Objectives: Different reminder systems, needs for such systems, technologies and models used to build a reminder system are identified in this research work. Ultimate goal of the study is to assist cognitive people in their daily life activities, using available embedded technologies of smart phones. Following objectives were set to achieve the goal of the thesis work: What are reminder systems and why do we need such systems? What are the different kinds of technologies reported in literature for reminder systems? What are the issues encountered by cognitive impaired/elderly people while performing their daily life activities? How to design and implement context aware reminder system using

Smartphone embedded sensors?

Methods: Mix method approach is used to carry out this study. Literature review is conducted based on the notion of systematic review. Data is collected through survey and interviews, conducted in south Sweden municipality, to analyze and indentify daily life issues and problems of cognitive people. Experiments are performed in real environment to test and verify our application. We evaluate the performance of activity recognition algorithm, implemented in the application, using Weka. Results: Various reminder systems, their needs and underlined technologies are identified and reported. Activities of daily living and issues addressed by these reminder systems are also identified. Survey and interviews help us to identify issues and problems faced by cognitive impaired/elderly while performing their daily life activities. For example, we find out that cognitive people not only forget their daily life activities but also during performing these activities. Conclusions: Many proposed models in literature are related to each other and use similar sensor based data from various technologies. Based on literature review, survey and interviews we have concluded that context based reminder system is essential for cognitive disabled people. It leads us to design a context based reminder system for android based smart phones. The preliminary tests help us to verify our model but there is absolute need for further empirical verification and validation.

Keywords: Reminder system, Smartphone, Sensor,

Accelerometer, Cognitive disabilities.

II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we are very thankful to Almighty ALLAH, Most Gracious, Most Merciful and Lord of all the worlds, who give us the strength and enable us to conduct this thesis. No doubt, without blessing of ALLAH we would not be able to complete our thesis work. It was not possible to achieve this goal of thesis without the prayers, support and help of our parents, their great support and encouragement that made us able to complete our thesis work. We are especially thankful to our academic supervisor Jenny Lundberg, for her support, motivation, valuable comments and guidance. We would like to thank Niclas Brissmalm and Carina Vackenfeldt, who helped us in conducting our surveys and interviews. We would like to thank to all of our friends especially Khalid Khan and Cristea Daniela, who were support for us throughout the thesis work.

Nisar and Fazal

III

CONTENTS

Contents

CONTEXT BASED REMINDER SYSTEM .......................................................................................I

SUPPORTING PERSONS USING SMART PHONE ACCELEROMETER DATA .................................................. I

ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................I

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................................................................... II

CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... III

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ VI

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ VII

ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................... VIII

1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 THESIS OUTLINES .................................................................................................................. 2

2 PROBLEM DEFINITION .......................................................................................................... 4

2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION ............................................................................................................ 4

2.2 RELATED WORK ..................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 6

2.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 6

2.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES ........................................................................................................... 6

3 THEORETICAL WORK ............................................................................................................ 7

3.1 COGNITIVE DISABILITIES ....................................................................................................... 7

3.1.1 ADLs and IADLs ............................................................................................................... 7

3.2 REMINDER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 8

3.3 ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................................................... 9

3.4 SMARTPHONE TECHNOLOGY................................................................................................ 10

3.4.1 Accelerometer ................................................................................................................. 10

3.4.2 Gyroscope ....................................................................................................................... 12

3.4.3 Global Positioning System .............................................................................................. 13

3.5 SMARTPHONE OPERATING SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 13

3.6 ANDROID PLATFORM ........................................................................................................... 13

3.7 LIST OF TECHNOLOGIES AND DAILY LIFE ACTIVITIES .......................................................... 14

3.8 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT REMINDER SYSTEMS AND SMART PHONE ...................... 16

3.9 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 16

4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 17

4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 17

4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 18

4.3 SURVEY ............................................................................................................................... 18

4.4 INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 18

4.5 PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................ 18

5 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 20

5.1 PLANNING THE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 20

5.1.1 The Need for Literature Review ...................................................................................... 20

5.1.2 Research Question .......................................................................................................... 20

5.1.3 Search Strategy ............................................................................................................... 20

IV

5.1.4 Search String .................................................................................................................. 20

5.1.5 Online Resources used .................................................................................................... 21

5.2 CONDUCTING THE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 21

5.2.1 Study Selection ................................................................................................................ 21

5.2.2 Study selection process ................................................................................................... 22

5.2.3 Selected Articles for study ............................................................................................... 23

5.2.4 Study Quality Assessment ............................................................................................... 24

5.3 REPORTING .......................................................................................................................... 24

5.3.1 Result of selected articles ............................................................................................... 24

5.4 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 26

6 SURVEY AND INTERVIEWS................................................................................................. 27

6.1 SURVEY ............................................................................................................................... 27

6.1.1 Survey process ................................................................................................................ 27

6.1.2 Planning Survey .............................................................................................................. 27

6.1.3 Questionnaire design ...................................................................................................... 28

6.1.4 Pilot questionnaire .......................................................................................................... 28

6.1.5 Conducting survey .......................................................................................................... 28

6.1.6 Selection of Survey Participants ..................................................................................... 28

6.1.7 Analysis of Survey ........................................................................................................... 28

6.1.8 Survey Results ................................................................................................................. 29

6.2 VALIDITY THREATS ............................................................................................................. 29

6.2.1 Internal Validity threats .................................................................................................. 29

6.2.2 External Validity threats ................................................................................................. 30

6.3 INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 30

6.3.1 Aims and objectives of interview..................................................................................... 30

6.3.2 Interview Design ............................................................................................................. 30

6.3.3 Transcribing ................................................................................................................... 30

6.3.4 Selection of Interviewee .................................................................................................. 30

6.3.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.6 Interview Analysis ........................................................................................................... 31

6.4 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 32

7 PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION ...................................................................................... 33

7.1 ACTIVITY RECOGNITION TASK ............................................................................................ 33

7.1.1 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 33

7.1.2 Features Extraction ........................................................................................................ 33

7.1.3 Participants activity plots ............................................................................................... 35

7.1.4 Result of experiment........................................................................................................ 40

7.1.5 Activity Recognition ........................................................................................................ 41

7.1.6 Analysis and performance of Activity Recognition Task ................................................. 41

7.2 PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND WORKING ..................................................................................... 44

7.3 WORK FLOW ........................................................................................................................ 46

7.4 PROTOTYPE EVALUATION IN REAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 47

7.4.1 Feedback from participants ............................................................................................ 47

7.5 APPLICATION SOURCE CODE ............................................................................................... 47

7.6 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 47

8 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................ 49

8.1 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 49

8.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................ 50

8.2.1 Research question 1 ........................................................................................................ 50

8.2.2 Research question 2 ........................................................................................................ 51

8.2.3 Research question 3 ........................................................................................................ 51

8.3 FUTURE WORK .................................................................................................................... 52

9 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 53

APPENDIX A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................................................ 57

Results and Analysis of Questionnaires ....................................................................................... 59

APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................................... 63

V

TRANSCRIBED INTERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 64

APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................................... 65

TRANSCRIBED INTERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 66

APPENDIX D: PROTOTYPE SOURCE CODE ............................................................................. 67

VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Examples of external memory aids ............................................................................ 8

Figure 2 Example of Accessories and existing alarm system ................................................... 9

Figure 3 Trygghetslarm (Security Alarm) used for care of elders [34]. ................................... 9

Figure 4 Sensors in Smartphone [4]. ...................................................................................... 10

Figure 5 Three axes of accelerometer [40] ............................................................................. 11

Figure 6 Acceleration plots for different activities [38] ......................................................... 11

Figure 7 Accelerometer pattern of opening and closing bottles [13]. ..................................... 12

Figure 8 the axis for Accelerometer and Gyroscope sensor [40]. .......................................... 12

Figure 9 Android system Architecture [47] ............................................................................ 13

Figure 10 Research Methodology .......................................................................................... 17

Figure 11 Steps for conducting literature review .................................................................... 18

Figure 12 Literture Review Process ....................................................................................... 22

Figure 13 Survey process........................................................................................................ 27

Figure 14 Quality data analysis .............................................................................................. 31

Figure 15 Smartphone placement during experiment ............................................................. 33

Figure 16 Plot of experiment2, Participant1 ........................................................................... 35

Figure 17 Plot of experiment1, Participant1 ........................................................................... 35

Figure 18 Plot of experiment2, Participant2 ........................................................................... 36

Figure 19 Plot of experiment1, Participant2 ........................................................................... 36

Figure 20 Plot of experiment3, Participant2 ........................................................................... 36

Figure 21Plot of experiment1, Participant3 ............................................................................ 36

Figure 22 Plot of experiment2, Participant3 ........................................................................... 36

Figure 23 Plot of experiment2, Participant4 ........................................................................... 37

Figure 24 Plot of experiment1, Participant4 ........................................................................... 37

Figure 25 Plot of experiment2, Participant5 ........................................................................... 37

Figure 26 Plot of experiment1, Participant5 ........................................................................... 37

Figure 27 Plot of experiment2, Participant6 ........................................................................... 38

Figure 28 Plot of experiment1, Participant6 ........................................................................... 38

Figure 29 Plot of experiment2, Participant7 ........................................................................... 38

Figure 30 Plot of experiment1, Participant7 ........................................................................... 38

Figure 31 Plot of experiment1, Participant8 ........................................................................... 38

Figure 32 Plot of experiment2, Participant9 ........................................................................... 39

Figure 33 Plot of experiment1, Participant9 ........................................................................... 39

Figure 34 Plot of experiment2, Participant10 ......................................................................... 39

Figure 35 Plot of experiment1, Participant10 ......................................................................... 39

Figure 36 Plot of experiments result ....................................................................................... 40

Figure 37 Plot of sitting and walk activity .............................................................................. 41

Figure 38 Result from Naive bayes classifier ......................................................................... 42

Figure 39 Result from C4.5 classifier ..................................................................................... 42

Figure 40 Result from Multilayer perceptron classifier .......................................................... 43

Figure 41 Prototype working .................................................................................................. 44

Figure 42 Setting time for next reminder ............................................................................... 45

Figure 43 Application in snooze mode ................................................................................... 45

Figure 44 Work flow of application ....................................................................................... 46

VII

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Purpose of Research questions .................................................................................... 6

Table 2 Accelerometer sensor data table ................................................................................ 11

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