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Nr. 32 May - August 2004/IIISSN 0378-5068

Europe 123, GR-570 01 Thessaloniki (Pylea)

Postal address: PO Box 22427, GR-551 02 Thessaloniki

Tel. (30) 2310 490 111 Fax (30) 2310 490 099

E-mail: info@cedefop.eu.int

Homepage: www.cedefop.eu.int

Interactive website: www.trainingvillage.gr

European Journal 'Vocational Training"

No 32 May - August 2004/IIFrom divergence to convergence A history of vocational education and training in Europe

Research

European vocational training 'systems' - some thoughts on the theoretical context of their historical development

Wolf-Dietrich Greinert

Between school and company Features of the historical development of vocational education and training in the Netherlands and Germany in a comparative perspective

Dietmar Frommberger and Holger Reinisch

Models, paradigms or cultures of vocational education

Anja Heikkinen

The common vocational training policy in the EEC from 1961 to 1972

Francesco Petrini

The unions and the relaunching of European social policy

Maria Eleonora Guasconi

Vocational education and training in European social policy from its origins to Cedefop

Antonio Varsori

The place of vocational training in François Mitterrand's idea of a European social space (1981-1984)

Georges Saunier

Bibliographic section prepared by the Documentation Service with the help of the members of the European network of reference and expertise (ReferNet)

Anne Waniart

A history of vocational education and training in Europe

From divergence to convergence

A history of

vocational education and training in Europe

From divergence to convergence

Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg

Per single copy EUR 10

Annual subscription EUR 20

Publications Office

Publications.eu.int

TI-AA-04-032-EN-C

Cedefop

European Centre

for the Development of Vocational Training

Europe 123

GR-570 01 THESSALONIKI

(Pylea)

Postal address:

PO Box 22427

GR-551 02 THESSALONIKI

Tel. (30) 23 10 49 01 11

Fax (30) 23 10 49 01 17

E-mail:

info@cedefop.eu.int

Homepage:

www.cedefop.eu.int

Interactive website:

www.trainingvillage.gr

Cedefop assists the European Com-

mission in encouraging, at Commu- nity level, the promotion and devel- opment of vocational education and training, through exchanges of in- formation and the comparison of ex- perience on issues of common inter- est to the Member States.

Cedefop is a link between research,

policy and practice by helping policy- makers and practitioners, at all lev- els in the European Union, to have a clearer understanding of develop- ments in vocational education and training and so help them draw con- clusions for future action. It stimu- lates scientists and researchers to iden- tify trends and future questions.

The European Journal 'Vocational

Training' is provided for by Article

3 of the founding Regulation of Cede-

fop of 10 February 1975.

The Journal is nevertheless inde-

pendent. It has an editorial commit- tee that evaluates articles following a double-blind procedure whereby the members of the Editorial Committee, and in particular its rapporteurs, do not know the identity of those they are evaluating and authors do not know the identity of those evaluating them. The committee is chaired by a recognised university researcher and composed of researchers as well as two Cedefop experts, an expert from the European Training Foun- dation (ETF) and a representative of

Cedefop's Management Board.

The European Journal 'Vocational

Training' has an editorial secretariat

composed of experienced researchers.

The Journal is included in the list of

scientific journals recognised by the

ICO (Interuniversitair Centrum voor

Onderwijskundig Onderzoek) in the

Netherlands and is indexed in the IBSS

(International Bibliography of the So- cial Sciences).

VOCATIONALTRAININGNO32 EUROPEANJOURNAL

Interested in writing an article ... see page 100

Published under the responsibility of:

Johan van Rens, Director

Stavros Stavrou, Deputy Director

Responsible for translation:

David Crabbe

Layout:

Zühlke Scholz & Partner GmbH, Berlin

Cover: Panos Haramoglou, M. Diamantidi S.A.

Graphic Arts, Thessaloniki

Technical production on DTP: M. Diamantidi S.A.

Graphic Arts, Thessaloniki

The contributions were received in or before

July 2004.

Reproduction is authorized, except for commer-

cial purposes, provided that the source is indicat- ed.No de catalogue: TI-AA-04-032-EN-C

Printed in Belgium, 2004

The publication appears three times a year in

Spanish, German, English, French and Portuguese.

The Portuguese version is available directly from

DEEP/CID

Centre de Informaçaõ e Documentação

Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade

Praça de Londres 22

o P

1049056 Lisboa

Tél. (35121) 843 10 36

Fax (35121) 840 61 71

E-mail:

deep.cid@deep.msst.gov.pt

For the other languages, see 3

rd cover page. The opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the position of Cedefop. The European Journal Vocational Training gives protagonists the op- portunity to present analyses and various, at times contradictory, points of view. The Journal wishes to contribute to critical debate on the future of vocational train- ing at European level.

Editorial committee:

Chairman:

Martin MulderWageningen University, The Netherlands

Members:

Steve BainbridgeCedefop, Greece

Juan José CastilloComplutense University of Madrid, Spain Jean-Raymond MassonEuropean Training Foundation, Turin, Italy

Teresa OliveiraUniversity of Lisbon, Portugal

Hilary SteedmanLondon School of Economics and Political Science,

Centre for Economic Performance, United Kingdom

Ivan SvetlikUniversity of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Manfred TessaringCedefop, Greece

Éric VerdierCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LEST/CNRS,

Aix en Provence, France

Editorial Secretariat:

Stockholm, Sweden

Ana Luísa Oliveira de PiresResearch Group Education and Development - FCT, New University of Lisbon, Portugal

Editor in chief:

Éric Fries GuggenheimCedefop, Greece

Secretary of the journal:

Titane DelaeyCedefop, Greece

Cedefop

VOCATIONALTRAININGNO32 EUROPEANJOURNAL

Cedefop

1

The idea of mounting a research project on

Ôthe history of vocational education and train- ing in EuropeÕ was launched at the Euro- pean Centre for the Development of Voca- tional Training (Cedefop) in January 2000.

The main aim of this project is to reach a

better understanding of the current structure of the various vocational education and train- ing systems in Europe by showing how this has developed historically at national and international level, and by revealing how vocational education and training and Euro- pean integration have influenced each oth- er. The project starts from the principle that a sound knowledge of historical develop- ments is an indispensable prerequisite for fully appreciating and interpreting con- temporary processes and events (1

Under the aegis of the project, the first in-

ternational conference on The history of vo- cational education and training in Europe in a comparative perspective, organised by the University of Florence and the European

University Institute, was held in Florence on

11 and 12 October 2002.

No fewer than 18 papers were presented over

the two days. The first day looked at the de- velopment of vocational education and train- ing systems in one or more European coun- tries. The second day considered the role of vocational education and training in the social policy of the European Community, and then of the European Union. The pro- ceedings of this conference are being pub- lished in two volumes entitled A history of vo- cational education and training in Europe, the first edited by Georg Hanf, of the Bun- desinstitut fŸr Berufsbildung (BIBB) and by

Wolf-Dietrich Greinert of the Technical Univer-

sity of Berlin, and the second by Professor Antonio Varsori of the University of Padua.The wealth of materials presented and the scale of the intended aims of both the ÔHis- toryÕ project and the Florence Conference led Cedefop to take two further steps to ex- pand the scope and dissemination of the re- sults of the conference: first, a travelling ex- hibition, and then a special issue of the Euro- pean Journal ÔVocational TrainingÕ.

The idea of a travelling exhibition on the

history of vocational education and training in Europe came from the Cedefop expert

Norbert WollschlŠger, who oversaw the ini-

tial presentation at the Cedefop gallery in

Thessaloniki. The exhibition itself was de-

signed by Helga Reuter-Kumpmann, an ex- hibitions consultant, and was mounted in association with the German exhibition on health and safety at work (Deutsche Ar- beitsschutzausstellung (2 ) - DASA). The first presentation of the exhibition attracted more than 2000 visitors in Thessaloniki. The ex- hibition guide is reprinted below in this is- sue of the European Journal.

The editorial committee of the European Jour-

nal agreed on a special issue because its mem- bers were unanimously convinced that the future of vocational education and training in Europe could only be constructed suc- cessfully if there were a sound knowledge of its historical antecedents. The future builds on the past. Moreover, one of the aims of the

European Journal is to encourage research

on vocational education and training in Europe.

However, the Journal receives very few pro-

posals for articles on the history of vocational education and training. We hope that this spe- cial issue will inspire further contributions on the history of vocational education and train- ing in Europe, in a comparative perspective as far as possible, this being one of the se- lection criteria of the Journal. (1) Cf. the website at: http:// history.cedefop.eu.int/ (2) Cf. the DASA website at: http://www.baua.de/dasa/index.htmA history of vocational education and training in Europe from divergence to convergence

Norbert

VET expert and

responsible for

Cedefop's exhibition

gallery

Éric Fries

Guggenheim

Editor-in-chief of the

European Journal

Vocational Training.

VOCATIONALTRAININGNO32 EUROPEANJOURNAL

Cedefop

2

The theme of this special issue follows quite

closely that which emerged spontaneously at the Florence Conference and was taken up in the sub-title of the travelling exhibi- tion, A history of vocational education and training in Europe: from divergence to con- vergence.

While it is true that vocational education and

training followed in the distant past the same pattern of apprenticeship everywhere in

Europe through trade guilds, it is equally true

that with the Industrial Revolution and the abandonment of the apprenticeship system national systems of vocational education and training came to differ widely in accordance with the societal characteristics of each na- tion. It might therefore be said, without risk of contradiction, that each country has its own vocational education and training system, but it has to be admitted that such a conclusion does not tell us much and serves little practical purpose. It is possible, how- ever, to make this spectrum of different train- ing systems more comprehensible by using historical analysis. This is what Professor

Wolf-Dietrich Greinert does in his article en-

titled European vocational training systems: some thoughts on the theoretical context of their historical development, which provides a model that can be used to classify the different European systems roughly into three broad categories. Although this is only a mod- el, with the usual simplified hypotheses that are open to criticism, it is a suggestive and stimulating one.

It would therefore seem possible and worth-

while to arrive at a scientific classification of the different models of vocational education and training. It is far more difficult, how- ever, to explain why two countries with very similar historical profiles of economic and social development should finish up adopt- ing two systems of vocational education and training that unquestionably belong to two totally different categories. This is very clear- ly the question raised in the article by Hol- ger Reinisch and Dietmar Frommberger en- titled Between school and company -fea- tures of the historical development of voca- tional education and training in the Nether- lands and Germany in a comparative per- spective. Their article is in fact more a pro- gramme for research than an answer to the question posed, which they do not in any case claim to have resolved. We hope that this paper will encourage others and that explanations, which might also refer toother societal contexts, will be put for- ward in articles submitted to the Journal.

A partial answer is already proposed by An-

ja Heikkinen in her paper Models, paradigms or cultures of vocational education. She shows clearly, from the example of the development of continuing vocational edu- cation and training in Northern Europe and

Germany, that the emergence and trans-

formation of national systems may be the result of competition between the different

Ôcultural conceptionsÕ of vocational educa-

tion and training borne by individuals and collective bodies from an subnational, na- tional or supranational standpoint. The cul- tural approach adopted by Anja Heikinnen sees education as co-constitutive both of cul- ture and of projects and programmes at the individual, collective and societal level. And in reality, the subject of her article goes well beyond simple comparative analysis of how continuing vocational education and train- ing developed in Northern Europe. What she attempts to show is the role of histori- ans and the practical consequences of their work. She argues that by recognising and making visible certain key phenomena, changes and/or continuities in the field of vocational education and training, histori- ans and researchers in general have in the final analysis the role of jointly defining work and education at the subnational, national and supranational level.

Given this diversity of vocational education

and training systems in Europe, European integration is bound to encourage the search for certain forms of convergence. The var-quotesdbs_dbs23.pdfusesText_29

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