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International Labour Office Training Programmes

Occupational Safety & Health for the Construction Industry

Construction OS&H

A training course construction companies ('contractors")

A systematic programme for improving

procedures and practices for the benefit of all who participate in this major and socially important industry "The primary goal of the ILO today is to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity." (Juan Somavia, ILO Director-General) Model

Course

Handbook

Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 2

Construction OS&H

For construction companies ('contractors")

COURSE HANDBOOK

INTRODUCTION

Construction is a five trillion US dollar global industry, according to recent estimates from FIDIC, the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (http://www.fidic.org/). It is a huge provider of employment for around 150 million people, 75% of whom are to be found in developing countries. Today, however, few workers are directly employed in direct labour organisations in the public sector, or by large general contractors; 90% of construction firms worldwide are micro-enterprises, employing less than ten workers. In Europe, 97% employ less than 20 workers. There are huge numbers of people in the informal economy and large numbers who are supposedly, although not genuinely, "self employed". There are two main areas for social development opportunity provided by the construction industry: Firstly, the product itself. That is, the benefits to society through the provision of much needed infrastructure, which may be roads, housing, schools, hospitals, power and transport. Secondly, the process, which can provide desperately needed jobs, but also jobs which respect internationally recognised Labour Standards and

National labour laws.

'Building" is both a process and a product There are clear opportunities during the project construction and operation to expand both the number and the quality of jobs available. Specifically, the procurement phase is the key for clients to plan for and insist on all their contractors providing decent working conditions and high standards of safety, health and welfare for the workforce and everyone involved in their project. Labour practices and working conditions need to be addressed during design and procurement if they are to be included and costed in the contract sum and complied with during the construction phase. There is an extremely high level of competition in the construction industry and in traditional competitive tendering contractors win bids by lowering their costs. Labour is a major component of these costs. Thus the winning tender may well be the one which pays the lowest wages, does not provide safety equipment or have coverage for accidents, and which has the largest proportion of informal workers, for whom no tax or social security is paid, and who are not covered in practice by any legal or social protection. In this situation, the construction contract becomes a potentially important mechanism both for taking forward the implementation of labour standards and for demonstrating the benefits. There is a clear need for very strong contract clauses that relate specifically to labour standards to be included. This places formal responsibility on the contractor, Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 3 but it is important to develop a process around the contract, which involves awareness raising for the client, designers, project management, contractor and all employers, as well as for the workforce, and which puts in place agreed mechanisms for monitoring compliance. Construction clients, consultants, contractors, and workers should share the view that the Occupational Safety and Health (OS&H) of the workforce is a paramount concern in construction, recognizing the clear ethical and legal responsibilities to prevent deaths, injuries and ill-health. In addition to basic moral and legal obligations, there are sound economic reasons to prioritise the prevention of injuries and ill-health on construction projects. Not only can an accident cripple or kill a worker, it can shut a job down, thereby delaying the project"s schedule, and it can expose parties, particularly clients, to civil claims for compensation and criminal charges and fines from the enforcement authorities. Safety and health legislation in many countries is increasingly holding clients responsible for the safety and health of the workforce on their construction projects. This responsibility is generally passed on to designers and project managers, or directly to contractors and sub-contractors. Hence the terms on which these services are procured are critical in ensuring that the responsibility is taken seriously and the interests of the client are safeguarded.

Modular training programme

This Handbook is a collection of the main content of a comprehensive training progamme for construction contractors, structured as 'Module Summaries" on the topics listed below, for participants to take away and use for reference and guidance after the course. Modules A-D explain the fundamental issues and principles of project Occupational Safety and Health required by today"s construction industry. Modules E-H explain OS&H managerial processes and procedures, and how these should be applied to the practical running of a safe and healthy project. Modules I-N provide the technical knowledge that contractors and their employees require in order to understand construction operations so that they can plan and manage them accordingly. A series of checklists are provided in Module Summary P: Conclusion. Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 4

Module

code MODULE SETS & TITLES

Fundamental modules

A Fundamental principles

B General duties

C Safe and healthy working environment

D Workers" perspectives

Project management modules

E Principles of safe project management

F Planning and control for OS&H

G Processes and systems

H Welfare and project site

Technical modules

I Personal protective clothing and equipment

J General plant and equipment

K Vertical movement

L Horizontal movement

M Working at or below ground level

N Working at height

Integration and concluding modules

O Project (not detailed in this handbook)

P Conclusion

Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 5

THE SECTIONS IN THIS HANDBOOK

The contents of the Module Summaries are as shown in outline below.

A: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

1. Preface

2. 'Decent Work" and 'well-being at work"

3. Ethics and humanity

4. Corporate social responsibility

5. National policy

6. Need for holistic culture and systems

7. Requires real commitment from all involved

8. Basic concepts of hazards and risks

9. The business case for OS&H and business decisions

10. Monitoring, reporting and reviewing performance

11. Appendix: Decent Work, SafeWork

12. Brief bibliography

B: GENERAL DUTIES

1. Preface

2. ILO Convention C167, Recommendation R175 and the Code of Practice

3. Duties of authorities, employers, self-employed, and workers

4. Duties of construction clients and designers

5. Legal principles & legislation

6. Enforcement and audit

7. Continual improvement

8. Hazards and their prevention

9. Brief bibliography

C: SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKING ENVIRONMENT

1. Preface

2. Causes of OS&H incidents ('accidents") and injuries

3. Diversity of the workforce

4. Safety of workplaces

5. Health hazards

6. Inspection and maintenance

7. Appendix: BWI Construction Hazards Fact Sheet

8. Brief bibliography

Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 6

D: WORKERS" PERSPECTIVES

1. Preface

2. The Trade Union approach to Occupational Safety and Health: "workers know

best"

E: PRINCIPLES OF SAFE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1. Preface

2. Project organisation and management functions

3. Stages of construction projects

4. Creating a good preventative OS&H culture

5. Enforcing good OS&H through procurement and contracts

6. Brief bibliography

F: PLANNING AND CONTROL FOR OS&H

1. Preface

2. General principles of project planning and control

3. OS&H by design as a key element of project planning and control

4. OS&H performance measurement and management

5. Role and responsibilities of safety specialists

6. Brief bibliography

G: PROCESSES & SYSTEMS

1. Preface

2. Brief review of systems theory and practice; 'systems theory at a glance"

3. ILO-OSH 2001: Guidelines on Occupational Safety & Health management

systems

4. Hazards and risks

5. Assessment and management of hazards and risks

6. The systematic Construction OS&H process

7. Communication systems to improve OS&H

8. Appendix: an example of an OS&H policy statement by a construction

company

9. Brief bibliography

Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 7

H: WELFARE AND PROJECT SITE

1. Preface

2. General principles of the design of site layout and facilities

3. Site facilities

4. Participative processes and procedures

5. Competence, training and induction

6. Brief bibliography

I: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT (PPE)

1. Preface

2. The need for personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE)

3. General review of personal protective clothing and equipment

4. Clothing

5. Harnesses and similar devices

6. Lifting and handling devices

7. Specific characteristics of individuals

8. Summary photos of safe working

9. Brief bibliography

J: GENERAL PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

1. Preface

2. Common hazards with general plant and equipment

3. General construction plant and equipment

4. Hand tools

5. Scaffolding materials and equipment

6. Temporary works for concrete and steel

7. Trench support and excavation equipment

8. Fire prevention and control equipment

9. Electricity

10. Brief bibliography

Course Handbook: Construction companies ('contractors") 8

K: VERTICAL MOVEMENT

1. Preface

2. Common hazards with vertical movement

3. Cranes

4. Hoists

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