Language an introduction to the study of speech PDF

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Edward Sapir And The Origin Of Language

7). Sapir qualified this definition as “serviceable.” How does it stand today especially as seen from the field of Language Evolution? Though

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Language an introduction to the study of speech

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Searches related to definition of language by edward sapir

Having thus cleared the way Sapir then defined language as “a purely human and noninstinctive method of communicating ideas emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols” (p 7) Sapir qualified this definition as “serviceable ” How does it stand today especially as seen from the field of Language Evolution?

LANGUAGE

ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHESTUDY

OFSPEECH

EDWARDSAPIR

NEWYORKHARCOURT,BRACEANDCOMPANY

COPTEIGHT,1921,BY

JtAECOUET,BRACEANDCOMPANY,ITTC

Mintedinthiu.e.A.

PREFACE

talhumaninterests - theproblemofthought,thenature ofthehistoricalprocess,race,culture,art. orkf-^.n,r»o ivPREFACE studyofaneglectedfield.

Prof.J.ZeitlinoftheUniversityofIllinois.

EdwardSapir.

Ottawa,Ont.,

April8,l'J21.

PAGE

Peefaceiii

CHAPTER

I.ylXTKODUCTOBY:LANGUAGEDeFIXED....1

tionoflanguage.Thepsycho-physicalbasisof ofthespeechprocess.Theuniversalityoflan- guage.

II.TheElementsofSpeech24

Soundsnotproperlyelementsofspeech.Words

aformal,notafunctionalunit.Thewordhasa speech.Feeling-tonesofwords.

III.^THESoundsofLanguage43

Thevastnumberofpossiblesounds.Thearticu-

anditsparts.Vowelarticulations.Howand habitsofalanguage.The"values"ofsounds.

Phoneticpatterns.

ForminLanguage:GbajimaticalProcesses.59

Formalprocessesasdistinctfromgrammatical

Sixmaintypesofgrammaticalprocess.Word

sequenceasamethod.Compoundingofradical pitch. f Q viCONTENTS

CHAPTERPAOR

ofmoreconcreteorder.Formforform'ssake. principlesinthesentence.Concord.Partsof andverb. ^VI.TypesofLinguisticSteuctube127 gested:whattypesofconci'ptsareexpressed? lectsarise.Linguisticstocks.Directionor inanEnglishsentence.Hesitationsofusageas towardtheinvariableword.

CONTENTSvii

CHAPTERPAGE

IX.HowLanguagesInfluenceEachOther...20.5

yXiLanguage,Race,andCulture221

LanguageandLiterature236

Index249

LANGUAGE,

ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHESTUDYOFSPEECH

INTRODUCTORY:LANGUAGEDEFINED

2LANGUAGE

varies - notasconsciously,perhaps,butnonetheless tural"function;

INTRODUCTORY3

anyandeverysoundorevenanyphenomenoninour isconventionallyrepresentedby 'Oh !"belookedupon

4LANGUAGE

terlymeaningless.

Themistakemustnotbemadeofidentifyingour

overtureto 'WilliamTell 'isinfactastorm.Inother maythereforebelookeduponashavinggrownup

INTRODUCTORY5

6LANGUAGE

poeticsource.Howevermuchwemaybedisposed imitationofthings.

INTRODUCTORY7

sense,languageatall. ofadjustments - inthebrain,-inthenervoussystem, andinthearticulatingandauditoryorgans - tending

8LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTORY9

tentor 'meaning 'ofthelinguisticunit;theassociated oforsignalforthese 'meanings, 'ofwhichmoreanon. peculiarsymbolicrelation - physiologicallyanarbitrary one - betweenallpossibleelementsofconsciousness maybesaidtobe"inthebrain."Hence,wehaveno

10LANGUAGE

humanculture - sayartorreligion - asaninstitutional temsofsymbolismthatAvetermlanguages. perceptionoftheword"house"onthewrittenor

INTRODUCTORY11

andmorerapidthanmost. bol"house" - whetheranauditory,motor,orvisualex- perienceorimage - attachedbuttothesingleimageof

12LANGUAGE

experience.Wemustcuttotheboneofthings,we beinglookedupon - mistakenly,butconveniently - as relations.

INTRODUCTORY13

14LANGUAGE

thefinishedthought. todoso.StillIknowitcanbedone."Languageis butagarment!Butwhatiflanguageisnotsomuch

INTRODUCTORY15

fact,nosoonerdowetrytoputanimageintocon- pingintoasilentflowofwords.Thoughtmaybea butspeechwouldseemtobetheonlyroadweknow- veryfarindeedfrombeingavalidone.Onemaygo

16LANGUAGE

unconsciouslinguisticsymbolism. guagearosepre-rationally - justhowandonwhatpre- ciselevelofmentalactivitywedonotknow - butwe ment.Inmostcasesthenewsymbolisbutathing

INTRODUCTORY17

beafetter.

18LANGUAGE

latingreadingorintensivethinking.

INTRODUCTORY19

wayisopenedforanewtypeofspeechsymbolism - that makeof 'readingfromthelips"asasubsidiarymethod aresecondarysymbolsofthespokenones - symbolsof symbols - yetsocloseisthecorrespondencethatthey

20LANGU-AGE

auditorysymbols.

INTRODUCTORY21

flowofspeech. j\sj/ f

22)LANGUAGE

ofthenameofreligionorofart,butweknowofno oflanguage - thedevelopmentofaclear-cutphonetic pressionofallmannerofrelations - allthismeetsus knowinwhatvariedformsathoughtmayrun.The

INTRODUCTORY123/

expression,haditselftakenshape. II

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH

Wehavemorethanoncereferredtothe

'elementsof elementofspeech - andby"speech"weshallhence- flowofspokenwords - istheindividualsound,though, originallyfullerphoneticgroups - LatinJiahetandad 24

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH25

havefloweredfromthefundamentalone.Wemay, ceptofmoreabstractorder - oneofperson,number, bined.

26LANGUAGE

oftheword 'form, 'itputsuponthefundamentalcon- calelement 'oraffix.Asweshallseelateron,thegram-

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH27

sjinbolizedas(A)+'(^)-

23LANGUAGE

sings) ofEnglishformsthatsetinaboutthetimeofthe

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH29

perficiallycomparable.Harriotmeans 'bone"inaquite thedifference. degreeofcomplexity.

30LANGUAGE

tweenthe-lyandtheindependentwordlike. berofways.The(0)mayhaveamultiplevalue;in formulawouldbe(A)- - ,{A)indicatingtheabstracted ofusage.

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH31

sitandcutup"

A-\-B.Theelements{g) - which

denotesfuturity - ,(7i) - aparticipialsuffix - ,and{%) - indicatingtheanimateplural - aregrammaticalele-

mentswhichconveynothingwhendetached.The orelement-groups - aninstrumentallyusedstem{F)

32LANGUAGE

group - (^)+C+cZ("blackcoworbull").This theadditionofthetemporalelement(g) - this(g),by theway,mustnotbeunderstoodasappendedtoB alone,buttothewholebasiccomplexasaunit - ;and expressionintoaformallywell-definednoun. concept - concreteorabstractorpurelyrelational(as inoforhyorand) - totheexpressionofacomplete

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH33

grammatical)elementandsentence - thesearethepri- subsidiaryones.Wemayputthewholematterina

34LANGUAGE

Butisnottheword,onemayobject,asmuchofan

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH35

element,onthegroundthatit 'makesnosense. '^What, matecriterionoftheword,whatis? ofart.Addedtothe 'feel 'ofthewordarefrequently, argument.

36LANGUAGE

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH37

subjectofdiscourse themayor - andthepredicate is however,arelanguageonlyinaderivedsense.

38LANGUAGE

ofindividualstyle.

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH39

therewouldbenogrammar.Thefactofgrammar,a callyconsistent.Allgrammarsleak.

Uptothepresentwehavebeenassumingthatthe

{Wouldhemightcome!orWouldhewerehere!)The

40LANGUAGE

statesofhesitationordoubt - attenuatedfear.Onthe ofcommunication.

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH41

42LANGUAGE

feelthewordascold,cheerless,sinister. vidualjuxtapositionofconceptsorimages. Ill

THESOUNDSOFLANGUAGE

nectedwiththesoundsoflanguage.quotesdbs_dbs5.pdfusesText_9

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