[PDF] Aljazeera TVs Role in Shaping the Political Consciousness of Arab

View - Download Aljazeera TVs Role in Shaping the Political Consciousness of Arab

Previous PDF

Next PDF

Arab Political

Awareness

(The Egyptian Revolution 25 Jan 11 Feb 2011)

Hadeel Sameer Masoud Shqair

PhD

University of York

Theatre, Film, Television and Interactive Media

September 2021

2 AlAwareness

ABSTRACT

Arab political awareness during

the 18 days of the Egyptian Revolution, from 25 January to February 11, 2011. Situated within media impact studies based on news content analysis, the research is an ethnographic research on Aljazeera with thematic analysis of its news content during the Revolution. The study events on the one hand, and participating in the event on the other hand. The study explores how the channel employed its staff and media discourse to play its role in the political change. The research focuses on the emotions in journalism, arguing that

Aljazeera, by satisfying needs, was able to gain

their trust over a long period of time, which enabled it to influence the shaping of their political awareness. Based on the aims of the study, I employ semi-structured interviews and archive analysis to produce an intimate narrative analytical account of the of the Egyptian Revolution in a notable and important level of detail. The study primarily focuses on the themes and impact of main news bulletin, news reports and political commentary of the Arab thinker Azmi Bishara during the Revolution through an analysis of the archive. To understand how the channel produced its coverage of the Revolution, the study depends on semi-structured interviews with

Aljazeera staff who produced the coverage.

Revolution. Aljazeera employs the themes and visual elements of its news content in favour of the revolutionaries, which contradicted the objective journalism principles, and contributed to the benefit of the Revolution by encouraging, alerting and guiding the revolutionaries. The results of this research illustrate that satisfying Arab audience's needs for knowledge and collective values enhances Arab television media the audience's attitudes. Aljazeera, by employing its financial capabilities, network of correspondents and dealing with news in a different approach from what Arab media used to adopt, satisfies for knowledge and collective values. This role, regardless of hidden agendas, would increase in awareness that enables people to monitor regimes, challenge it, and eventually move to demand their rights through revolutions.

3 AlAwareness

LIST OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT PAGE 2

LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE 3

LIST OF IMAGES PAGE 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PAGE 7

DECLARATION PAGE 8

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION PAGE 9

1.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 9

1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS PAGE 10

1.3. RESEARCH CONTEXT PAGE 11

1.4. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE PAGE 14

1.5. CHAPTER OUTLINE PAGE 15

1.6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PAGE 16

1.6.1. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAGE 17

1.6. 2. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PAGE 19

1.6. 2 .1. ARCHIVAL DATA PAGE 20

1.6. 2 .2. INTERVIEWS PAGE 21

1.7. CONCLUSION PAGE 24

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE 25

2.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 25

2.2. LITERATURE ON ALJAZEERA PAGE 26

2.2.1. DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE PAGE 26

2.2.2. COMPARATIVE LITERATURE PAGE 30

2.2.3. THE ALJAZEERA IMPACT LITERATURE PAGE 32

2.2.4. ALJAZEERA NEWS PRODUCTION LITERATURE PAGE 36

2.3. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS PAGE 37

2.3.1. JOURNALISM & EMOTIONS PAGE 39

2.4. CONCLUSION PAGE 40

CHAPTER THREE: HISTORICAL CONTEXT PAGE 42

3.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 42

3.2. THE BIRTH OF ALJAZEERA PAGE 43

3.3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALJAZEERA'S VALUES PAGE 45

3.4. OBJECTIVITY AND BIAS PAGE 48

3.5. REASONS WHY ALJAZEERA IS A PHENOMENON PAGE 52

3.5.1. SPECIALIZATION PAGE 52

3.5.2. STAFF QUALITY PAGE 54

3.5.3. PRESENTING ALL PERSPECTIVES PAGE 58

3.5.4. FREEDOM PAGE 61

PAGE 62

3.5.5.1. THE 2ND PALESTINIAN UPRISING 2000 PAGE 63

3.5.5.2. THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN 2001 PAGE 66

3.5.5.3. IRAQ WAR 2003 PAGE 70

3.5.5.4. GAZA WAR 2008/2009 PAGE 73

3.5.5.5. ARAB REVOLUTIONS 2010/2011 PAGE 75

4 AlAwareness

3.6. CONCLUSION PAGE 80

CHAPTER FOUR: THE JOURNALISTIC PROCEDURES OF

REVOLUTION PAGE 82

4.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 82

4.2. THE JOURNALISTIC PROCEDURES OF PAGE 82

4.2.1. THE CONTINUOUS COVERAGE DECISION PAGE 83

4.2.2. CUTTING OFF THE INTERNET AND PHONE SERVICE PAGE 89

PAGE 91

PAGE 93

PAGE 96

4.2.6. THE CAMEL BATTLE PAGE 98

4.2.7. NEWS SOURCES AND UTILIZING THE CITIZEN JOURNALISM PAGE 103

4.3. CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OVE PAGE 106

PAGE 106

PAGE 110

PAGE 113

4.3.4. THE PHONE-INS PAGE 118

4.4. CONCLUSION PAGE 119

CHAPTER FIVE: DURING THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION PAGE 122

5.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 122

PAGE 123

5.2.1. DEMONSTRATING THE POWER OF THE REVOLUTION PAGE 124

5.2.2. RAISING AWARENESS ABOUT THE DEMANDS OF THE REVOLUTION AND THE MISTAKES

OF THE REGIME PAGE 132

5.2.3. THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE SITUATION IN EGYPT PAGE 136

5.2.4. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DEMONSTRATORS WITH THE ARMY PAGE 140

5.2.5. PROMOTING THE SYMBOLISM OF TAHRIR SQUARE PAGE 141

5.2.6. IDENTIFYING THE ENEMIES OF THE REVOLUTION AND THE EGYPTIAN PEOPLE PAGE 142

5.3. VISUAL CONTENT PAGE 153

5.4. CONCLUSION PAGE 160

CHAPTER SIX: ORTS DURING THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION PAGE 161

6.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 161

TORIAL STANDARDS FOR NEWS REPORTS PAGE 162

LENGTH PAGE 163

STYLE AND LANGUAGE PAGE 164

OBJECTIVITY PAGE 167

6.2.4. THE REPETITION OF REPORTS PAGE 169

6.3. NEWS REPORTS ANALYSIS PAGE 171

6.3.1. MAZEN IBRAHIM REPORT - 8 FEBRUARY 2011 PAGE 172

6.3.2. FAWZI BUSHRA REPORT 28 JANUARY 2011 PAGE 174

6.3.3. FAWZI BUSHRA REPORT 31 JANUARY 2011 PAGE 178

6.3.4. FAWZI BUSHRA REPORT 6 FEBRUARY 2011 PAGE 180

6.3.5. FATIMA TRIKI REPORT 6 FEBRUARY 2011 PAGE 182

6.3.6. FAWZI BUSHRA REPORT - 11 FEBRUARY 2011 PAGE 184

6.4. CONCLUSION PAGE 187

5 AlAwareness

REVOLUTION PAGE 188

7.1. INTRODUCTION PAGE 188

7.2. WHY AZMI BISHARA? PAGE 189

PAGE 190

PAGE 195

PAGE 197

7.3. ANALYSIS PAGE 199

7.3.1. CONTEXT OF ENCOURAGEMENT PAGE 201

7.3.2. CONTEXT OF WARNING PAGE 207

7.3.3. CONTEXT OF GUIDANCE PAGE 214

7.4. CONCLUSION PAGE 217

CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION PAGE 218

8.1. FRAMING THE DISCUSSION PAGE 218

ERAGE OF THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION PAGE 219

8.3. UNDERSTANDING THE NA ROLE IN SHAPING THE POLITICAL AWARENESS OF

ARAB PAGE 225

8.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES PAGE 227

8.5. FINAL THOUGHTS PAGE 228

APPENDICES PAGE 230

BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE 233

6 AlAwareness

LIST OF IMAGES

Image 1: Egypt in the heart of the Middle East Page 14

Image 2: Tahrir Square Area Page 107

Image 3: Tahrir Square Area Page 107

Image 4: Egyptian State TV, 3 February 2011 Page 120

Image 5: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 28 January 2011 Page 126

Image 6: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 131

Image 7: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 28 January 2011 Page 131

Image 8: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 29 January 2011 Page 134

Image 9: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 30 January 2011 Page 134

Image 10: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 137

Image 11: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 137

Image 12: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 29 January 2011 Page 145

Image 13: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 28 January 2011 Page 152

Image 14: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 28 January 2011 Page 154

Image 15: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 28 January 2011 Page 154

Image 16: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 156

Image 17: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 156

Image 18: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 156

Image 19: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 27 January 2011 Page 157

Image 20: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 30 January 2011 Page 159

Image 21: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 31 January 2011 Page 159

Image 22: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 31 January 2011 Page 159

Image 23: Fawzi Bushra Report, 28 January 2011 Page 177

Image 24: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 29 January 2011 Page 198

Image 25: Harvest Bulletin, Aljazeera, 30 January 2011 Page 198

7 AlAwareness

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Throughout the writing of this thesis, I have received a great deal of support. I would first like to thank my university, the University of York, for all the support they gave me to overcome difficulties and ensure my safety in carrying out my research journey. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Kristyn Gorton and Dr. Edward Braman, whose expertise was invaluable in guiding throughout my studies. You provided me with the tools that I needed to choose the right direction, and your insightful feedback pushed me to sharpen my thinking and brought my work to a higher level. I would also like to thank the Head of Theatre, Film, Television and Interactive Media, Professor Duncan Petrie and Dr. Jenna Ng, for their useful critiques of this research work. In addition, I would like to acknowledge Aljazeera Media Network for their cooperation in conducting interviews in Doha, even though it was during the most difficult times of COVID-19. I am indebted also to the Jordanian Embassy in the UK for helping me with my travel arrangements during the time of the pandemic. Finally, I could not have completed this thesis without the support of my husband, Dr. Sultan Alotain, for his wise counsel and sympathetic ear, and for providing stimulating discussions. You are always there for me. I also thank my daughter, Hadeel, for having endured what is difficult for a child to bear while I was busy, and for praying for me as if she were my mother.

8 AlAwareness

I declare that this thesis is a presentation of original work and I am the sole author. This work has not previously been presented for an award at this, or any other, University. All sources are acknowledged as references.

9 AlAwareness

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

you polled Arab leaders and asked:

Which would you get rid of first, Israel or

Al-Jazeera?

Al-Jazeera would win hands down.'

Thomas L. Friedman, The New York Times, 2001

1.1. INTRODUCTION

During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Aljazeera allocated exceptional live coverage to Egypt, dropped its regular schedule, and stopped its programmes, providing more coverage for the Egyptian Revolution than other Arab news channels. Since the first days of the Revolution, the Egyptian authorities closed Aljazeera's office in Cairo, cut off the channel's broadcast on Nilesat, and imprisoned a number of its reporters. As a result, the channel sent reporters from Doha to work in Egypt secretly, thus Aljazeera was in Tahrir square all the time. secretly reporting from inside Tahrir Square says, during an interview (M. Marai 2020, personal communication, 26 March): Aljazeera camera in Tahrir Square was like a light so as no thief can come to steal the description that Egypt's president, Hosni Mubarak1, gave to Aljazeera when he visited i

VQRLVHKDGQRW\HW

reached the level of noise that the channel would cause later during the Revolution. Mubarak's astonishment was, according to the political commentator Thomas Friedman,

1 Fourth President of the Arab Republic of Egypt from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

quotesdbs_dbs48.pdfusesText_48

[PDF] alan eustace

[PDF] albert camus biographie pdf

[PDF] albert camus létranger fiche de lecture

[PDF] albert camus l'etranger pdf

[PDF] albert camus letranger pdf download

[PDF] albert camus létranger pdf gratuit

[PDF] albert camus la peste pdf

[PDF] albert camus le premier homme pdf

[PDF] albert camus pdf gratuit

[PDF] alberta ferretti 2017 haute

[PDF] alc algerie anglais

[PDF] alc marrakech resultat 2015

[PDF] alcani teste grila

[PDF] aleph paulo coelho pdf français

[PDF] alex rider point blanc pdf