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Discovery and Empire

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Discovery and Empire

the French in the South Seas edited by

John West-Sooby

French Studies, School of Humanities

The University of Adelaide

Published in Adelaide by

University of Adelaide Press

Barr Smith Library

University of Adelaide

South Australia 5005

press@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/press The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide. It aims to maximise the accessibility to the University"s best research by publishing works through the internet as free downloads and as high quality printed volumes on demand.

© 2013 The Authors

This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the

Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address. For the full Cataloguing-in-Publication data please contact the National Library of

Australia: cip@nla.gov.au

ISBN (paperback) 978-1-922064-53-0

ISBN (ebook) 978-1-922064-52-3

Cover design: Emma Spoehr

Cover image: Official letterhead for Nicolas Baudin"s Voyage of Discovery to the Southern

Lands (1800-1804)

Book design: Zoë Stokes

Paperback printed by Griffin Press, South Australia

Contents

List of Figuresvii

List of Contributorsxi

Acknowledgementsxii

Introduction

John West-Sooby1

Note on the Second Frank Horner Lecture

John West-Sooby

15 1 The Globe Encompassed: France and Pacific Convergences in the Age of the Enlightenment

John Gascoigne17

2 The Abbé Paulmier"s Mémoires and Early French Voyages in

Search of

Terra Australis

Margaret Sankey41

3 The Acquisitive Eye? French Observations in the Pacific from

Bougainville to Baudin

Jean Fornasiero and John West-Sooby69

4 Discovering the Savage Senses: French and British Explorers"

Encounters with Aboriginal People

Shino Konishi99

5 A Case of Peripheral Vision: Early Spanish and French Perceptions of the British Colony at Port Jackson

John West-Sooby141

viDiscovery and Empire

6New Creatures Made Known: Some Animal Histories of the

Baudin Expedition

Stephanie Pfennigwerth171

7 “Primitive race", “pure race", “brown race", “every race": Louis Freycinet"s Understanding of Human Difference in Oceania

Nicole Starbuck215

8 Imperial Eyes on the Pacific Prize: French Visions of a

Perfect Penal Colony in the South Seas

Jacqueline Dutton245

Figure 2.1 Abraham Ortelius, Typus Orbis Terrarum, Antwerp, 1570. Source: Library of Congress, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/ g3200m.gct00003 Figure 2.2 Louis de Mayerne Turquet [“La Nouvelle manière de représenter le globe terrestre en laquelle il est entièrement réduict dans un cercle, sans aucune division de ses parties"],

Antoine de Fer (Paris, dans l"Isle du Palais).

Source: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ ark:/12148/btv1b84908484 Figure 2.3 Pierre Du Val, “Terres Australes par P. Du Val, Geographe Ordinaire du Roy. À Paris. Chez l"auteur en lIsle du Palais, sur le Quay de l"Orloge", Carte universelle du monde. Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. map-rm3223-a2 Figure 2.4 Joan Blaeu [mappemonde de 1648], “Nova et accuratissima totius terrarum orbis tabula",

Geographia, quae est cosmographiae

blauianae pars prima, qua orbis terrae tabulis ante oculos ponitur, et descriptionibus illustratus, tome 1, Amstelaedami, Labore et

Sumptibus Joannis Blaeu, MDCLXII.

Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. map-nk1577

List of Figures

viiiDiscovery and Empire Figure 2.5 Guillaume de L"Isle, “Mappemonde à l"usage du Roy", 1720. Source: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ ark:/12148/btv1b53053238c Figure 2.6 Philippe Buache, “Carte des Terres Australes Comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique Où se voyent les Nouvelles découvertes faites en 1739 au Sud du Cap de

Bonne Esperance Par les Ordres de M

rs de la Compagnie des Indes. Dressée sur les Memoires et sur la Carte Originale de M r de Lozier Bouvet Chargé de cette Expedition", Paris, Sur le

Quay de la Mégisserie, 1739.

Source: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ ark:/12148/btv1b59714557 Figure 2.7 Philippe Buache, “Carte des Terres Australes, Comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique, Où se voyent les Nouvelles découvertes faites en 1739 au Sud du Cap de

Bonne Esperance. Par les Ordres de M

rs de la Compagnie des Indes. Dressée sur les Mémoires et sur la Carte Originale de M r de Lozier Bouvet Chargé de cette Expedition. Augmentée de diverses vues Physiques &c.", Paris, Quay de l"Horloge du

Palais, 1754.

Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. map-nk1534 Figure 2.8 Robert de Vaugondy, “Carte Générale qui représente Les Mers des Indes, Pacifique, et Atlantique et principalement le Monde Austral divisé en Australasie, Polynésie et Magellanie.

Pour servir à

L"Histoire des Terres Australes

. Par le S r . Robert de

Vaugondy Géog

r ord. du Roi de l"Académie royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Nancy. 1756. Source: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ ixDiscovery and Empire Figure 2.9 Philippe Buache, “Hemisphere meridional où l"on voit les Parties inconnues du Globe qui sont à découvrir autour du Pôle Antarctique et les vastes étendues de Terres que peuvent renfermer ces espaces inconnus". Dressé par P. Buache, 1 er géographe du Roy présenté à S. a. S. Monseigneur le duc de

Penthièvre en aout 1770.

Source: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ ark:/12148/btv1b59705966/f1.item Figure 6.1 Frères Lambert, engraving from an illustration by Charles- Alexandre Lesueur: New Holland Better Known/Useful Plants Naturalised in France. Frontispiece from the Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes (Paris: Imprimerie impériale,

1807).

Source: The University of Adelaide

Figure 6.2 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, “Nouvelle-Hollande: Île King. Le

Wombat." From the

Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux Terres

Australes

(1807), Plate XXVIII. Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. pic-an7573691. Figure 6.3 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, “Nouvelle-Hollande: Dasyure à

Longue Queue." From the

Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux

Terres Australes

(1807), Plate XXXIII. Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. pic-an7568600

Figure 6.4 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur,

Mirounga leonina

(elephant seal, King Island). Muséum d"Histoire naturelle, Le Havre, no.

80001.

Source: Muséum d"Histoire naturelle, Le Havre, no. 80001 xDiscovery and Empire Figure 6.5 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, “Nouvelle-Hollande: Île Decrès — Détails du Casoar de la Nouvelle Hollande." From the

Atlas of

the

Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes

(1807), Plate XLI. Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. pic-an7568633 Figure 6.6a Louis Freycinet, “Carte générale de la Terre Napoléon" (showing south-east Australia and Kangaroo Island).

Engraving from the

Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux Terres

Australes

(1811). Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. map-raa2-s12 Figure 6.6b Cartouche from Louis Freycinet, “Carte générale de la Terre Napoléon" (showing south-east Australia and Kangaroo Island). Engraving from the Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux

Terres Australes (1811).

Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. map-raa2-s12 Figure 6.7 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, self-portrait on board the

Géographe

. Muséum d"Histoire naturelle, Le Havre, no. 13032. Source: Muséum d"Histoire naturelle, Le Havre, no. 13032 Figure 6.8 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, “Nouvelle-Hollande: Ile Decrès.

Casoar de la N

lle

Hollande." From the

Atlas of the Voyage de

découvertes aux Terres Australes (1807), Plate XXXVI. Source: National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla. pic-an7568611

List of Contributors

Jacqueline Dutton is Associate Professor of French Studies and Associate Dean (Engagement) at the Faculty of Arts, the University of Melbourne. Jean Fornasiero is Professor of French Studies and Head of the School of

Humanities at the University of Adelaide.

John Gascoigne is Scientia Professor of History at the School of Humanities, the University of New South Wales. Shino Konishi is a Fellow at the College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian

National University.

Stephanie Pfennigwerth

is Curator, Visitor Experience and Content Development at the Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House.

Margaret Sankey

is Emeritus Professor of French Studies at the University of Sydney and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Nicole Starbuck is a Lecturer at the School of History and Politics, the

University of Adelaide.

John West-Sooby

is Associate Professor and Head of French Studies at the School of Humanities, the University of Adelaide. This book had its origins in a symposium that was held at the State Library of South Australia on 8 July 2009. The symposium formed one of the strands of the XVII th

Biennial Conference of the Australasian

Association of European Historians (6-9 July 2009), the overall theme for which was “Europe"s Expansions and Contractions". I would like to express my thanks here to Peter Monteath of Flinders University and his conference organising committee for proposing the idea of a symposium on French exploration in the Pacific and supporting us in our efforts. Thanks are likewise due to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Adelaide, which generously provided funding support for the organisation and hosting of that event. Quality assurance for the volume was provided by a panel of anonymous reviewers, whose identity may now be revealed: Robert Aldrich (University of Sydney), Robert Dare (University of Adelaide) and Carol Harrison (University of South Carolina). Their insightful comments and criticisms were of significant benefit to the authors whose essays are published here. May they find here the expression of our collective gratitude for the time they devoted to the task and the expertise they brought to it. Last, but not least, I would like to offer my sincere thanks to the authors of the essays themselves. Their cooperation and patience have

Acknowledgements

xiiiDiscovery and Empire been a source of great comfort as I laboured to bring this project to fruition. I hope that the publication of this book will at last provide some reward for their cooperation and forbearance.

John West-Sooby

Adelaide

March 2013

Introduction

The French connection with the South Seas stretches back at least as far as the voyage of Binot Paulmier de Gonneville (1503-1505), who believed he had discovered the fabled great south land after being blown off course during a storm near the Cape of Good Hope. The story of his voyage remained largely forgotten for over 150 years, but eventually resurfaced in 1664 thanks to the publication by the Abbé Jean Paulmier of a document in which he argued, on the basis of this supposed discovery, for the establishment of a Christian mission in this “third part" of the world. 1 While historians today contest the authenticity of various aspectsquotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

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