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Abuse of a position of vulnerability

and other “means" within the denition of trafcking in persons

Issue Paper

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME

Vienna

Issue Paper

Abuse of a position of vulnerability

and other “means" within the definition of trafficking in persons

UNITED NATIONS

New York, 2013

iii

Acknowledgements

support

Trafficking

Migrant

SmugglingSectionfortheirinputs.

non,LuukEsser,AlbertoGroff,Paul listed thecountrycasestudiesandreviewingvarious draftsectionsofthetext.

Switzerland.

v

Contents

...................1 .......................7 ........7 ..............10 ....11 ......19 ......................29 ...................................34 .....................40 v 4 .78 ..........80 ......................84 ANNEX .......90 ANNEX vii

AbbreviationsandAcronyms

APOVAbuseofapositionofvulnerability

Protocols

Thereto

WorkingGroupon

Trafficking

Nations

EUEuropeanUnion

EuropeanTrafficking

in

HumanBeings

EUTraffickingDirective

ILO

InternationalLabourOrganization

Trafficking

TraffickinginPersons

Trafficking

inPersons

OrganizedCrime

UN

UnitedNations

UNODCUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime

OrganizedCrime

OrganizedCrime

ExecutiveSummary1

ExecutiveSummary

in coercion, y, and having action/means):namely,exploitation. 1

Allthreeelementsmustbepresentto

well internationallaw icking"has support

Transnational

of receiving person, of thesubjectofthepresentstudy:abuseofaposi tionofvulnerability(APOV). analysisofthelegalframeworkand associatedpractice,aswellasdetailed asfeedbackfromotherreviewers. analysisoftheinternational legal concepts trafficking:mostparticularlyabuseofaposi tionofvulnerability.Part4seeksto vulnerabilityin with ofvulnerability". well of legal definitionoftrafficking.Ithassurvivedin tactinallmajortreatiesadopted after policydocumentsandinterpretativetexts. nof thedifferentand

ExecutiveSummary3

how, positionofvulnerabilit practitioners. concernedwith with evictimorhis/hersituationwas investigationorprosecution. lackofclarity

APOVisnotonethatiseasilyadapt

ed intorelevantlegalframeworks.Indeed,the considerationand issues. cases. across intrinsictothevictim.Others,su ch asisolation,dependencyand,sometimes, irregular order practitioners availablefailtodemonstrate nationallaws, concept where offencecanbeestablished. 'act'el it practice,and yas burden belinked. exploredal

ExecutiveSummary5

prosecutedastraffickingcases. ofabuse er in

Evidentiary

issues:APOV,asit yasthemeansbywhicha existen en thedoor law, establishingAPOVinaprosecution.So mewerefirmlyoftheopinionthatthe concept y. agreedthatinclusionofAPOVasa"m eans"wouldlikelysupportmoreconvictions

Trafficking

support seriousness bytheSurveyReport.

Practitionerperceptionsofthevalue

oftheInterpretativeNote:Thetravaux and practitioners toraisema mean? intended advantageofthesituationofthevictim.

Notwithstanding

theconcernsexpressed

APOVandconsent.

Background7

1

Background

1.1 Contextofthisstudy

against traffickinginpersons." 2 and 3

Allthree

4 This disputed:Forexample,itconfirmsthat: exploitativelabour; which decadetherehasbeenconsiderableadvancem enttowardsthesegoals,facilitated from8to17Octo and and also mattersbecausetocharacterizing certainconductas"trafficking"has imposed

Thereisatensio

setting justiceagenciesinvolvedin subject which

Background9

identifiedashavingbeentrafficked.

1.2 MandateandTermsofReference

5

Themandateofthe

Protocol.

6 implementationoftheseinstruments. in implementationofitsresponsibilitieswith regardtotheTraffickinginPersons relatedcoordinationwithotherbodies. 7 and

Children,supplement

Doc .CTOC/COP/2004/6,Sept.23,2004,at5. Unit 8 9 andrequested

Trafficking

inPersonsProtocol. 10

ThepresentIssuePaperisthefirstofwhatis

personhavingcontroloveranotherpersonar ealsotouchedontotheextentthat theseconceptsarerelated.

1.3 Methodology

academics

Survey

additionaland

Canada,

Eg ypt, process. 11 Women 10

Ibid.,para.10.

11

Background11

drafting process.

ExpertGrou

concept ofabuseofapositionofvulnerability during thesixt

2012inVienna.

1.4 Structureofthispaper

and termsofreference. exploredinthisPaper.Itcommenceswith abriefoverviewoftheconceptof examined,

HumanBein

gs combating internationallegal andpolicyframework theirnational law, )thosethatthathaveomittedthe conducted omitted foundationforabroaderconsiderati onofissuesandtrendsinthefollowingPart4. vulnerabilitywith adingsofthis Part.

Theconceptininternationallawandpolicy13

2

Theconceptininternationallawandpolicy

instruments econtextofbroader

2.1 Introduction:traffickingandtheconceptofvulnerability

presentpaper.

2.1.1 Vulnerabilityassusceptibilitytotrafficking

increase inequality,disc riminationandgenderͲbasedviolence 12 -allofwhichcontributeto creating are 13 includegender, 14 withfactorssuchasbeing 12 13

HumanBeings(2009).

14 additionalfactorsofvulnerability. 15 and context respond. requiresituationͲspecificanalysis. in

Brazilin2008:

fore charact development. 16 conducted inthecontextofthisstudy.

Relevant

preventing underlyingcausesoftra 17 15

Survey

16 17

TraffickinginPersonsProtocol,atArt.9(4).

Theconceptininternationallawandpolicy15

ofvictimsofcrossͲbordertrafficking. 18

Bothtreatieshighlighttheneedfor

education and victimization. 19quotesdbs_dbs41.pdfusesText_41
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