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Abuse of a position of vulnerability
and other means" within the denition of trafcking in personsIssue Paper
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
Vienna
Issue Paper
Abuse of a position of vulnerability
and other means" within the definition of trafficking in personsUNITED NATIONS
New York, 2013
iiiAcknowledgements
supportTrafficking
Migrant
SmugglingSectionfortheirinputs.
non,LuukEsser,AlbertoGroff,Paul listed thecountrycasestudiesandreviewingvarious draftsectionsofthetext.Switzerland.
vContents
...................1 .......................7 ........7 ..............10 ....11 ......19 ......................29 ...................................34 .....................40 v 4 .78 ..........80 ......................84 ANNEX .......90 ANNEX viiAbbreviationsandAcronyms
APOVAbuseofapositionofvulnerability
Protocols
Thereto
WorkingGroupon
Trafficking
Nations
EUEuropeanUnion
EuropeanTrafficking
inHumanBeings
EUTraffickingDirective
ILOInternationalLabourOrganization
Trafficking
TraffickinginPersons
Trafficking
inPersonsOrganizedCrime
UNUnitedNations
UNODCUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime
OrganizedCrime
OrganizedCrime
ExecutiveSummary1
ExecutiveSummary
in coercion, y, and having action/means):namely,exploitation. 1Allthreeelementsmustbepresentto
well internationallaw icking"has supportTransnational
of receiving person, of thesubjectofthepresentstudy:abuseofaposi tionofvulnerability(APOV). analysisofthelegalframeworkand associatedpractice,aswellasdetailed asfeedbackfromotherreviewers. analysisoftheinternational legal concepts trafficking:mostparticularlyabuseofaposi tionofvulnerability.Part4seeksto vulnerabilityin with ofvulnerability". well of legal definitionoftrafficking.Ithassurvivedin tactinallmajortreatiesadopted after policydocumentsandinterpretativetexts. nof thedifferentandExecutiveSummary3
how, positionofvulnerabilit practitioners. concernedwith with evictimorhis/hersituationwas investigationorprosecution. lackofclarityAPOVisnotonethatiseasilyadapt
ed intorelevantlegalframeworks.Indeed,the considerationand issues. cases. across intrinsictothevictim.Others,su ch asisolation,dependencyand,sometimes, irregular order practitioners availablefailtodemonstrate nationallaws, concept where offencecanbeestablished. 'act'el it practice,and yas burden belinked. exploredalExecutiveSummary5
prosecutedastraffickingcases. ofabuse er inEvidentiary
issues:APOV,asit yasthemeansbywhicha existen en thedoor law, establishingAPOVinaprosecution.So mewerefirmlyoftheopinionthatthe concept y. agreedthatinclusionofAPOVasa"m eans"wouldlikelysupportmoreconvictionsTrafficking
support seriousness bytheSurveyReport.Practitionerperceptionsofthevalue
oftheInterpretativeNote:Thetravaux and practitioners toraisema mean? intended advantageofthesituationofthevictim.Notwithstanding
theconcernsexpressedAPOVandconsent.
Background7
1Background
1.1 Contextofthisstudy
against traffickinginpersons." 2 and 3Allthree
4 This disputed:Forexample,itconfirmsthat: exploitativelabour; which decadetherehasbeenconsiderableadvancem enttowardsthesegoals,facilitated from8to17Octo and and also mattersbecausetocharacterizing certainconductas"trafficking"has imposedThereisatensio
setting justiceagenciesinvolvedin subject whichBackground9
identifiedashavingbeentrafficked.1.2 MandateandTermsofReference
5Themandateofthe
Protocol.
6 implementationoftheseinstruments. in implementationofitsresponsibilitieswith regardtotheTraffickinginPersons relatedcoordinationwithotherbodies. 7 andChildren,supplement
Doc .CTOC/COP/2004/6,Sept.23,2004,at5. Unit 8 9 andrequestedTrafficking
inPersonsProtocol. 10ThepresentIssuePaperisthefirstofwhatis
personhavingcontroloveranotherpersonar ealsotouchedontotheextentthat theseconceptsarerelated.1.3 Methodology
academicsSurvey
additionalandCanada,
Eg ypt, process. 11 Women 10Ibid.,para.10.
11Background11
drafting process.ExpertGrou
concept ofabuseofapositionofvulnerability during thesixt2012inVienna.
1.4 Structureofthispaper
and termsofreference. exploredinthisPaper.Itcommenceswith abriefoverviewoftheconceptof examined,HumanBein
gs combating internationallegal andpolicyframework theirnational law, )thosethatthathaveomittedthe conducted omitted foundationforabroaderconsiderati onofissuesandtrendsinthefollowingPart4. vulnerabilitywith adingsofthis Part.Theconceptininternationallawandpolicy13
2Theconceptininternationallawandpolicy
instruments econtextofbroader2.1 Introduction:traffickingandtheconceptofvulnerability
presentpaper.2.1.1 Vulnerabilityassusceptibilitytotrafficking
increase inequality,disc riminationandgenderͲbasedviolence 12 -allofwhichcontributeto creating are 13 includegender, 14 withfactorssuchasbeing 12 13HumanBeings(2009).
14 additionalfactorsofvulnerability. 15 and context respond. requiresituationͲspecificanalysis. inBrazilin2008:
fore charact development. 16 conducted inthecontextofthisstudy.Relevant
preventing underlyingcausesoftra 17 15Survey
16 17TraffickinginPersonsProtocol,atArt.9(4).
Theconceptininternationallawandpolicy15
ofvictimsofcrossͲbordertrafficking. 18Bothtreatieshighlighttheneedfor
education and victimization. 19quotesdbs_dbs41.pdfusesText_41[PDF] not urban dictionary
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