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1 EU ANNUAL REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD

2021 COUNTRY UPDATES

Contents

Enlargement countries............................................................................................................................5

Bosnia and Herzegovina ..........................................................................................................................6

The Republic of North Macedonia ..........................................................................................................9

Kosovo*1 ................................................................................................................................................11

Montenegro ..........................................................................................................................................13

Serbia ....................................................................................................................................................15

Republic of Turkey ................................................................................................................................16

EEA/EFTA Countries and non-EU Western European Countries .........................................................19

Switzerland ...........................................................................................................................................19

Norway ..................................................................................................................................................20

Iceland ...................................................................................................................................................22

Liechtenstein .........................................................................................................................................23

United Kingdom.....................................................................................................................................24

European Neighbourhood Policy..........................................................................................................25

Armenia ................................................................................................................................................26

Azerbaijan .............................................................................................................................................28

Belarus ..................................................................................................................................................30

Georgia ..................................................................................................................................................32

Republic of Moldova .............................................................................................................................34

Ukraine ..................................................................................................................................................35

Egypt .....................................................................................................................................................38

State of Israel ........................................................................................................................................40

Jordan ...................................................................................................................................................42

Lebanon ................................................................................................................................................44

Libya ......................................................................................................................................................46

Syria ......................................................................................................................................................48

Palestinian Authority (occupied Palestinian territory - oPt) ................................................................50

Kingdom of Morocco ............................................................................................................................52

Western Sahara ....................................................................................................................................54

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria ..............................................................................................55

Republic of Tunisia ................................................................................................................................57

Russia and Central Asia .........................................................................................................................58

Russia ....................................................................................................................................................58

Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................................61

The Kyrgyz Republic ..............................................................................................................................63

*1 This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ

Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence. 2

Tajikistan ...............................................................................................................................................65

Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................................66

Uzbekistan ............................................................................................................................................68

Africa .....................................................................................................................................................70

Angola ...................................................................................................................................................72

Benin .................................................................................................................................................... 73

Republic of Botswana ...........................................................................................................................75

Burkina Faso .........................................................................................................................................76

Burundi .................................................................................................................................................78

Cabo Verde ...........................................................................................................................................81

Cameroon .............................................................................................................................................82

Central African Republic........................................................................................................................84

Union des Comores ...............................................................................................................................86

Republic of Congo .................................................................................................................................88

Chad ......................................................................................................................................................90

Côte d'Ivoire ..........................................................................................................................................92

Djibouti .................................................................................................................................................94

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ....................................................................................................96

State of Eritrea ......................................................................................................................................98

Ethiopia ...............................................................................................................................................102

Equatorial Guinea ................................................................................................................................103

Gabon ..................................................................................................................................................105

Ghana ..................................................................................................................................................107

Guinea Bissau ......................................................................................................................................109

Guinea .................................................................................................................................................111

Kenya ..................................................................................................................................................113

Kingdom of Lesotho ............................................................................................................................115

Liberia .................................................................................................................................................116

Madagascar .........................................................................................................................................119

Democratic Republic of Malawi ..........................................................................................................121

Mali .....................................................................................................................................................123

Mauritania ..........................................................................................................................................125

Mauritius ............................................................................................................................................127

Republic of Mozambique ...................................................................................................................129

Namibia ..............................................................................................................................................131

Niger ...................................................................................................................................................133

Nigeria ................................................................................................................................................135

Rwanda ...............................................................................................................................................137

São Tomé and Príncipe .......................................................................................................................139

Senegal ...............................................................................................................................................141

The Seychelles ....................................................................................................................................143

Sierra Leone ........................................................................................................................................144

Somalia ...............................................................................................................................................146

South Africa ........................................................................................................................................148

South Sudan ........................................................................................................................................150

Sudan ..................................................................................................................................................152

Tanzania ..............................................................................................................................................154

3

The Gambia .........................................................................................................................................156

Togo ....................................................................................................................................................158

Uganda ................................................................................................................................................159

Zambia ................................................................................................................................................161

Arabian Peninsula ...............................................................................................................................165

Bahrain ................................................................................................................................................165

Iraq ......................................................................................................................................................167

Kuwait .................................................................................................................................................169

Oman ..................................................................................................................................................171

Qatar ...................................................................................................................................................172

Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................................................174

United Arab Emirates ..........................................................................................................................176

Yemen .................................................................................................................................................178

Asia .....................................................................................................................................................180

Afghanistan .........................................................................................................................................180

People's Republic of Bangladesh ........................................................................................................182

Kingdom of Bhutan .............................................................................................................................184

Brunei Darussalam ..............................................................................................................................185

Kingdom of Cambodia .........................................................................................................................187

People's Republic of China ..................................................................................................................188

Hong Kong Special Administratiǀe Region of the People's Republic of China .....................................191

Macao Special Administratiǀe Region of the People's Republic of China ...........................................193

Taiwan .................................................................................................................................................194

Iran ......................................................................................................................................................195

Republic of Korea ................................................................................................................................196

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) ...................................................................................198

India ....................................................................................................................................................199

Indonesia ............................................................................................................................................202

Japan ...................................................................................................................................................203

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) .....................................................................................205

Malaysia ..............................................................................................................................................207

Maldives ..............................................................................................................................................209

Mongolia .............................................................................................................................................210

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ................................................................................................213

Pakistan ...............................................................................................................................................215

Philippines ...........................................................................................................................................217

Singapore ............................................................................................................................................219

Sri Lanka ..............................................................................................................................................221

Thailand ..............................................................................................................................................223

Timor-Leste .........................................................................................................................................225

Vietnam ...............................................................................................................................................227

Oceania ...............................................................................................................................................229

Australia ..............................................................................................................................................229

4

Fiji ........................................................................................................................................................230

The Federated States of Micronesia ....................................................................................................233

Republic of Kiribati ..............................................................................................................................235

Nauru ..................................................................................................................................................237

New Zealand .......................................................................................................................................238

Palau ...................................................................................................................................................240

Independent State of Papua New Guinea ..........................................................................................241

Republic of Marshall Islands ...............................................................................................................244

Samoa .................................................................................................................................................246

Solomon Islands ..................................................................................................................................248

Tuvalu .................................................................................................................................................252

Vanuatu ..............................................................................................................................................253

The Americas ......................................................................................................................................255

Belize ..................................................................................................................................................255

United States of America ...................................................................................................................257

Canada ...............................................................................................................................................259

The Bahamas ......................................................................................................................................261

Barbados and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States countries (Antigua and Barbuda,

Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the

Republic of Costa Rica ........................................................................................................................265

Republic of Cuba ................................................................................................................................267

Dominican Republic ............................................................................................................................270

El Salvador ..........................................................................................................................................271

Guatemala ..........................................................................................................................................274

Co-operative Republic of Guyana .......................................................................................................276

Haiti ....................................................................................................................................................277

Honduras ............................................................................................................................................279

Republic of Argentina .........................................................................................................................281

Plurinational State of Bolivia ..............................................................................................................283

Federative Republic of Brazil .............................................................................................................. 285

Republic of Chile .................................................................................................................................288

Republic of Colombia ..........................................................................................................................290

Republic of Ecuador ............................................................................................................................293

Republic of Paraguay ...........................................................................................................................295

Republic of Peru ..................................................................................................................................297

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay .......................................................................................................299

Republic of Venezuela .........................................................................................................................301

Jamaica ...............................................................................................................................................303

Mexico ................................................................................................................................................306

Nicaragua ............................................................................................................................................309

Republic of Panama ............................................................................................................................311

Republic of Suriname ..........................................................................................................................312

Trinidad and Tobago ...........................................................................................................................315

5

Enlargement countries

Albania

1. Overview of the human rights and democracy situation: General elections were held on

25 April 2021, following the cross-party agreement of 5 June 2020 that led to a wide-ranging

electoral reform, in line with the recommendations of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE/ODIHR). Its final assessment found that elections were generally well organised. The new electoral administration gained the trust of most stakeholders. Concerns remained related to the misuse of public resources or official functions, to allegations of vote buying, and to the leaking of sensitive personal data covering the political preferences of citizens. These cases are being investigated. With regard to EU reforms, the parliament adopted a number of significant path towards the EU, despite the challenge of addressing the negative social and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the new legislature, the majority and the opposition will need to improve political dialogue and work together with all parts of society to further advance the EU reform agenda and accession negotiations. Limited progress has been made to implement the roadmap on creating an enabling environment for civil society. Nonetheless, Albanian civil society has been able to provide support and services to people in most vulnerable situations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Albania complies overall with international human rights instruments and has ratified most international conventions related to the protection of fundamental rights. During 2021, there was progress on property rights as regards the registration, digitisation and implementation of the compensation scheme. On the rights of persons belonging to minorities, there was progress in the adoption of implementing bylaws related to the 2017 framework law on the protection of national minorities. The country has to adopt the remaining implementing legislation, including on self-identification and use of minority languages. The Population and Housing Census Law was adopted in line with international standards. The legal framework on anti-discrimination further improved but the case law has not yet substantially developed. Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) persons remains pervasive and dominant in the Albanian society, and policy initiatives need appropriate financial resources and political will to produce visible results. Progress was made in other aspects of fundamental rights, for instance on the enforcement of the rights of persons with disabilities and on gender equality, with a new strategy on gender equality 2021-

2030 adopted in June 2021. By-laws linked to the Law on Social Housing were adopted.

For more information please refer to the European Commission's 2021 Report for on Albania.

2. EU action - key focus areas: The EU continues to monitor the protection of human rights,

including the progress on the first registration of properties and transitional ownership rights, the protection of minorities and of persons in vulnerable situations, as well as improvement of detention and probation conditions in the Albanian prison system. Significant attention was also dedicated to independence of media and freedom of expression, as well as to actions in the area of the right to life, prevention of torture and ill-treatment in the prison system, protection of personal data and freedom of thought, conscience and religion. 6 In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2021 elections, the EU urged the authorities to make further efforts to prevent, protect and provide services to groups in vulnerablequotesdbs_dbs26.pdfusesText_32

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