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PRODUCTION AND USE

OF

SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

FROM REACTORS

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA 1963

PRODUCTION AND USE OF

SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

FROM REACTORS

Since in many countries the new

problems of producing, separating and applying short-lived radioisotopes are being faced for the first time, the

IAEA convened an international

Seminar on Practical Applications of

Short-lived Radioisotopes produced

in Small Research Reactors at its

Vienna headquarters in November,

1962. More than 150 participants

included reactor engineers and physicists, radiation chemists, industrial scientists, hydrologiste, physicians and agriculturists from

29 Member States. The present pro

ceedings contain all the scientific papers submitted and the discussions which followed them.

PRODUCTION ET EMPLOI DES

RADIOISOTOPES DE

COURTE PÉRIODE OBTENUS DANS

DES RÉACTEURS

Beaucoup de pays ont à résoudre,

pour la première fois, les nouveaux problèmes que posent la production, la séparation et l'application des radioisotopes de courte période.

C'est pourquoi l'AIEA a organisé à

son siège, à Vienne, en novembre 1962, des journées d'études sur les appli cations dee radioisotopes de courte période obtenus dans de petits réacteurs de recherche. Les partici pants, qui étaient plus de 150, comprenaient des spécialistes du génie et de la physique des réacteurs, des radiochimistes, des ingénieurs, des hydrologistes, des médecins et des agronomes, venant de 29 Etats

Membres. Le présent ouvrage contient

tous les mémoires scientifiques pré sentés et les discussions auxquelles ils ont donné lieu.

участие свыше 150 специалистов из

29 государств-членов, среди которых

APLICACIÓN DE LOS

RADIOISÓTOPOS DE PERÍODO

CORTO PRODUCIDOS EN

REACTORES

Teniendo en cuenta que son muchos

los países en que se plantean por primera vez los problemas de la preparación, separación y utilización de los radioisótopos de periodo corto, el OIEA reunió en su Sede de Viena en el mes de noviembre de 1962 un seminario internacional sobre las aplicaciones prácticas de los radio isótopos de periodo corto, producidos en pequeños reactores de investiga ción. Hubo más de 150 participantes, entre ellos ingenieros y físicos nucleares, químicos especializados en los efectos de las radiaciones, técnicos industriales, hidrólogos, médicos y agrónomos, procedentes de

29 Estados Miembros. En el presente

volumen se reproducen todos los documentos científicos que se pre sentaron y se reseñan los debates a que dio lugar su examen.

PRODUCTION AND USE OF

SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES FROM REACTORS

VOL. I

The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:

AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA

ARGENTINA

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA

BELGIUM

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

BURMA

BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST

REPUBLIC

CAMBODIA

CANADA

CEYLON

CHILE CHINA

COLOMBIA

CONGO (LÉOPOLDVILLE)

CUBA

CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST REPUBLIC

DENMARK

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EL SALVADOR

ETHIOPIA

FINLAND

FRANCE

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

GHANA

GREECE

GUATEMALA

HAITI

HOLY SEE

HONDURAS

HUNGARY

ICELAND

INDIA

INDONESIA

IRAN IRAQ

ISRAELITALY

JAPAN

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

LEBANON

LIBERIA

LUXEMBOURG

MALI

MEXICO

MONACO

MOROCCO

NETHERLANDS

NEW ZEALAND

NICARAGUA

NORWAY

PAKISTAN

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

PORTUGAL

ROMANIA

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL

SOUTH AFRICA

SPAIN SUDAN

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

THAILAND

TUNISIA

TURKEY

UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND

NORTHERN IRELAND

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

URUGUAY

VENEZUELA

VIET-NAM

YUGOSLAVIA

The Agency's Statute was approved on 26 October 1956 at an international conference held at United

Nations headquarters, New York, and the Agency came into being when the Statute entered into force on

29 July 1957. The first session of the General Conference was held in Vienna, Austria, the permanent seat

of the Agency, in October, 1957.

The main objective of the Agency is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to

peace, health and prosperity throughout the world".

Printed by the IAEA in Austria

March 1963

PROCEEDINGS SERIES

PRODUCTION AND USE OF

SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

FROM REACTORS

VOL. I

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEMINAR ON THE

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

PRODUCED IN SMALL RESEARCH REACTORS

HELD BY THE

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

AT VIENNA, 5 - 9 NOVEMBER 1962

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

VIENNA 1963

PRODUCTION AND USE OF SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

FROM REACTORS, IAEA, VIENNA, 1963

STI/PUB/64

FOREWORD

T here are many radioisotope applications in which it is im portant that the radiation should rapidly fall to an insignificant level once the initial intense activity has served its purpose. Such applications include diagnostic tests in m edicine, w here it is essential to reduce the radiation dose to the patient to a minimum, non-destructive testing methods which m ust be applied without contam inating the m aterial or product concerned, and repeated routine tests which are possible only if the residual activity from the previous te st is negligible. All these applications call for radionuclides whose half- lives are m easured in hours or even m inutes. Sim ilarly, in the new but increasingly im portant technique of activation analysis, whereby the quantities of elem ents present in a m aterial can be determ ined by irradiating the m aterial in a rea cto r and assaying the radionuclides produced, the la tte r are m ainly short-lived and m ust be m easured im m ediately. While the production of long-lived radionuclides can m ost economically be left to the large reacto rs at the m ain radioisotope centres, short-lived isotopes m ust be produced, or m aterials activation perform ed, in a reactor at or near the place of intended use or analysis; this, then, rep resen ts one of the m ost im portant uses for the large num ber of sm all rea cto rs which have been installed in recent years, or will come into operation in the near future, in many parts of the world. Since in many countries the new problem s of producing, separating and applying sh o rt-liv ed radioisotopes are being faced for the firs t tim e, the International Atomic Energy Agency believed it would be valuable to survey the state of the a rt by convening an international Sem inar on P ractical A pplications of S hort-lived R adioisotopes produced in Sm all R esearch R eactors at its Vienna headquarters in N ovem ber, 1962. This Sem inar provided an opportunity for the producers and u se rs of short-lived radio isotopes from m any countries to m eet and discuss the problem s presented by these new rese arch tools. The m ore than 150 participants included reactor engineers and physicists, radiation chem ists, industrial scientists, hydrologiste, physicians and ag ric u ltu ralists from 29 M em ber S tates. The present proceedings contain all the scientific papers subm itted and the discussions which followed them . The wide coverage of the Sem inar in both the physical and the life sciences is indicative of the manifold uses of sh ort-lived radioisotopes. T heir potentialities are only ju st beginning to be realized, and the m aterial in these proceedings rep resen ts little m ore than an introduction to what prom ises to becom e a very big subject. It is hoped that it w in be found a valuable introduction.

M arch 1963

SIGVARD EKLUND

D irector G eneral

EDITORIAL NOTE

The papers and discussions incorporated in the proceedings published by the International A tom ic E nergy Agency are edited by the A gency's edi torial sta ff to the extent considered necessary for the reader's assistance. The view s expressed and the general style adopted rem ain, how ever, the responsibility o f the nam ed authors or participants. For the sake o f speed o f publication the present Proceedings have been printed by com position typing and photo-offset lithography. Within the lim i tations im posed by this m ethod, every effort has been m ade to m aintain a high editorial standard; in particular, the units and sym bols employed are to the fullest practicable extent those standardized or recom m ended by the com petent international scientific bodies. The affiliations o f authors are those given at the tim e of nomination. The use in these Proceedings o f particular designations of countries or territories does not im ply any judgm ent by the Agency as to the legal status o f such countries or territories, o f their authorities and institutions or of the delim itation o f their boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of their products or brand-names does not im ply any endorsem ent or recommendation on the part of the Inter national Atom ic E nergy Agency.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I

I. PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION OF SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

A review of the production of "special" radioisotopes ............................................................................ 3

L. G. Stang, Jr.

Production o f short-lived radioisotopes ........................................................................................................ 31

P .C . Aebersold and A .F . Rupp

Project d'une installation de traitem ent chim ique de radioélém ents à courtes périodes . . . 49

M . Douïs e t f. Valade

The production and distribution of short-lived radioisotopes in the United Kingdom ........... 67

C. Taylor, R. W est and M . W hiting

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