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FINAL

FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT

KRY SITE

June 2008

Prepared by:

MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Remediation Division

P.O. Box 200901

Helena, Montana 59620

Final Draft FS Report, July 2007, Prepared by:

TETRA TECH EM INC.

Power Block Building, Suite 612

7 West 6

Avenue

Helena, Montana 59601

(406) 442-5588

Section

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................

1.1 REPORT ORGANIZATION........................................................................

......................1

1.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES........................................................................

.................2

1.3 SITE DESCRIPTION........................................................................

.................................4

1.4 SITE HISTORY........................................................................

1.4.1 Kalispell Pole and Timber........................................................................

.............5

1.4.2 Reliance Refining Company........................................................................

..........5

1.4.3 Yale Oil Corporation........................................................................

.....................6

2.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION SUMMARY........................................................................

..........7

2.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING.....................7

2.1.1 Climate........................................................................

2.1.2 Geology........................................................................

2.1.3 Hydrogeology........................................................................

................................8

2.1.3.1 Site Stratigraphy and Hydrogeology........................................................................

..8

2.1.3.2 Groundwater Gradients and Flow Direction..............................................................8

2.1.3.3 Aquifer Testing Results........................................................................

....................10

2.1.4 Surface Water Hydrology........................................................................

............10

2.1.5 Human Population and Land Use........................................................................

2.1.6 Cultural and Biological Resources.......................................................................11

2.2 NATURE AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION.......................................................12

2.2.1 Soil Impacts........................................................................

.................................12

2.2.2 Groundwater Impacts........................................................................

...................13

2.2.3 Surface Water and Sediment Impacts..................................................................14

2.3 SUMMARY OF CONTAMINANT FATE AND TRANSPORT....................................14

2.4 SUMMARY OF HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ANALYSIS............16

2.4.1 Similarities and Differences between the KRY Site and the Missoula White

Pine Sash Facility........................................................................ .........................17

2.4.2 Site Conceptual Exposure Model........................................................................

2.4.3 Determination of COCs........................................................................

...............19

2.4.3.1 Groundwater........................................................................

.....................................20

2.4.3.2 Soils........................................................................

2.4.3.3 Surface Water and Sediments........................................................................

..........24

2.4.4 Ecological Risk Evaluation........................................................................

..........25

3.0 REMEDIAL ACTION OBJECTIVES AND VOLUME ESTIMATES........................................26

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS, CRITERIA, AND LIMITATIONS..............26

3.2 PRELIMINARY Remedial Action Objectives.................................................................27

3.2.1 PRAOs for Groundwater........................................................................

.............27

3.2.2 PRAOs for Surface Water and Sediment.............................................................27

3.2.3 PRAO for Soil........................................................................

..............................28

3.3 Remediation Volume Estimates........................................................................

................28

4.0 DEVELOPMENT AND SCREENING OF REMEDIAL OPTIONS...........................................31

4.1 INITIAL ALTERNATIVES SCREENING DOCUMENT..............................................32

4.2 GENERAL RESPONSE ACTIONS AND SCREENING OF TECHNOLOGY AND

PROCESS OPTIONS

4.2.1 No Further Action........................................................................

........................33

4.2.2 Institutional Controls........................................................................

...................34

4.2.2.1 Land Use Controls........................................................................

............................34

4.2.2.2 Groundwater Use Restrictions........................................................................

.........35 i

(Continued)

4.2.3 Engineering Controls........................................................................

.......................35

4.2.5 Monitored Natural Attenuation........................................................................

....36

4.2.6 NAPL Collection and Treatment........................................................................

.37

4.2.6.1 Physical Collection and Treatment........................................................................

..37

4.2.7 Groundwater Containment........................................................................

...........38

4.2.7.1 Hydraulic Barriers........................................................................

............................38

4.2.8 Groundwater Collection........................................................................

...............39

4.2.8.1 Groundwater Extraction Systems........................................................................

.....39

4.2.9.1 Biological Treatment........................................................................

........................41

4.2.9.2 Physical/Chemical Treatment........................................................................

..........41

4.2.10 Groundwater Discharge........................................................................

...............43

4.2.10.1 Discharge of Treated or Untreated Groundwater.....................................................43

4.2.11 In Situ Groundwater Treatment........................................................................

...44

4.2.11.1 Biological Treatment........................................................................

........................45

4.2.11.2 Physical/Chemical Treatment........................................................................

..........46

4.2.12.1 Physical Barriers........................................................................

..............................47

4.2.13 Soil Removal and Transport........................................................................

........47

4.2.13.1 Excavation........................................................................

4.2.14 Ex Situ Soil Treatment........................................................................

.................48

4.2.14.1 Biological Treatment........................................................................

........................48

4.2.14.2 Physical/Chemical Treatment........................................................................

..........49

4.2.14.3 Thermal Treatment........................................................................

...........................50

4.2.15 Soil Disposal........................................................................

................................51

4.2.15.1 Offsite Disposal........................................................................

................................51

4.2.15.2 Onsite Disposal........................................................................

................................52

4.2.16 In Situ Soil Treatment........................................................................

..................52

4.2.16.1 Biological Treatment........................................................................

........................53

4.2.16.2 Physical/Chemical Treatment........................................................................

..........53

5.1 RETAINED REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS...................................................55

5.1.1 Site-Wide Elements........................................................................

.....................55

5.1.3 LNAPL Technologies........................................................................

..................56

5.1.4 Groundwater Technologies........................................................................

..........57

5.1.5 Soil Options........................................................................

.................................57

5.1.6 Monitored Natural Attenuation........................................................................

....57

5.2 NO FURTHER ACTION........................................................................

.........................58

5.3 LNAPL options........................................................................

5.3.1 Multi-phase Extraction and Disposal...................................................................58

5.3.2 LNAPL Extraction and Disposal........................................................................

.61

5.4 Groundwater options........................................................................

.................................62

5.4.1 Extraction, Ex Situ Treatment, and Discharge.....................................................62

5.4.2 In Situ Bioremediation........................................................................

.................65

5.4.3 In Situ Chemical Treatment........................................................................

.........66

5.5 Soil options........................................................................

5.5.1 Barrier Technologies........................................................................

....................68

5.5.2 Excavation and Offsite Disposal........................................................................

..69

5.5.3 Excavation, Onsite or Ex Situ Treatment, and Backfill.......................................70

5.5.4 In Situ Bioremediation........................................................................

.................71

5.5.5 In Situ Chemical Treatment........................................................................

.........72

5.6 Summary........................................................................

6.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES........................................................................

......................73

6.1 CLEANUP CRITERIA........................................................................

.............................73 ii