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A/71/10

United Nations

Report of the International

Law Commission

Sixty-eighth session

(2 May-10 June and 4 July-12 August 2016)

General Assembly

Official Records

Seventy-first session

Supplement No. 10 (A/71/10)

General Assembly

Official Records

Seventy-first session

Supplement No. 10 (A/71/10)

Report of the International Law

Commission

Sixty-eighth session

(2 May-10 June and 4 July-12 August 2016) 6 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The word Yearbook followed by suspension points and the year (e.g. Yearbook ...

1971) indicates a reference to the Yearbook of the International Law Commission.

A typeset version of the report of the Commission will be included in Part Two of volume II of the Yearbook of the International Law Commission 2016.

ISSN 0251-822X

A/71/10

GE.16-14345 (E) 190916 iii

Summary of contents

Chapter Page

I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

II. Summary of the work of the Commission at its sixty-eighth session ............................................ 6

III. Specific issues on which comments would be of particular interest to the Commission .............. 10

IV. Protection of persons in the event of disasters .............................................................................. 12

V. Identification of customary international law ................................................................................ 74

VI. Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties ........ 118

VII. Crimes against humanity ............................................................................................................... 241

VIII. Protection of the atmosphere ......................................................................................................... 281

IX. Jus cogens ..................................................................................................................................... 297

X. Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts ........................................................ 306

XI. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction ..................................................... 341

XII. Provisional application of treaties ................................................................................................. 364

XIII. Other decisions and conclusions of the Commission .................................................................... 376

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iv GE.16-14345

Contents

Chapter Page

I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

A. Membership .......................................................................................................................... 1

B. Officers and the Enlarged Bureau ......................................................................................... 2

C. Drafting Committee .............................................................................................................. 2

D. Working Groups ................................................................................................................... 4

E. Secretariat ............................................................................................................................. 4

F. Agenda .................................................................................................................................. 4

II. Summary of the work of the Commission at its sixty-eighth session ............................................ 6

III. Specific issues on which comments would be of particular interest to the Commission .............. 10

A. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction ............................................. 10

B. New topics ............................................................................................................................ 10

IV. Protection of persons in the event of disasters .............................................................................. 12

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 12

C. Recommendation of the Commission ................................................................................... 13

D. Tribute to the Special Rapporteur ......................................................................................... 13

E. Text of the draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of disasters .................... 13

1. Text of the draft articles ............................................................................................... 13

2. Text of the draft articles with commentaries thereto .................................................... 17

Article 1 Scope ........................................................................................................ 18

Commentary ............................................................................................. 18

Article 2 Purpose ..................................................................................................... 19

Commentary ............................................................................................. 20

Article 3 Use of terms .............................................................................................. 21

Commentary ............................................................................................. 22

Article 4 Human dignity .......................................................................................... 28

Commentary ............................................................................................. 28

Article 5 Human rights ............................................................................................ 31

Commentary ............................................................................................. 31

Article 6 Humanitarian principles............................................................................ 33

Commentary ............................................................................................. 33

Article 7 Duty to cooperate ...................................................................................... 36

Commentary ............................................................................................. 36

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GE.16-14345 v

Article 8 Forms of cooperation in the response to disasters .................................... 39

Commentary ............................................................................................. 39

Article 9 Reduction of the risk of disasters .............................................................. 42

Commentary ............................................................................................. 42

Article 10 Role of the affected State .......................................................................... 50

Commentary ............................................................................................. 51

Article 11 Duty of the affected State to seek external assistance .............................. 53

Commentary ............................................................................................. 53

Article 12 Offers of external assistance ..................................................................... 56

Commentary ............................................................................................. 57

Article 13 Consent of the affected State to external assistance ................................. 59

Commentary ............................................................................................. 59

Article 14 Conditions on the provision of external assistance ................................... 63

Commentary ............................................................................................. 63

Article 15 Facilitation of external assistance ............................................................. 65

Commentary ............................................................................................. 66

Article 16 Protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods ................................ 67

Commentary ............................................................................................. 68

Article 17 Termination of external assistance ........................................................... 70

Commentary ............................................................................................. 70

Article 18 Relationship to other rules of international law ........................................ 72

Commentary ............................................................................................. 72

V. Identification of customary international law ................................................................................ 74

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 74

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 74

C. Text of the draft conclusions on identification of customary international law

adopted by the Commission .................................................................................................. 76

1. Text of the draft conclusions ........................................................................................ 76

2. Text of the draft conclusions and commentaries thereto .............................................. 79

General commentary .................................................................................................... 79

Part One

Introduction

Conclusion 1 Scope .......................................................................................... 80

Commentary ............................................................................... 81

Part Two

Basic approach

Conclusion 2 Two constituent elements ........................................................... 82

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vi GE.16-14345 Commentary ............................................................................... 82 Conclusion 3 Assessment of evidence for the two constituent elements .......... 84 Commentary ............................................................................... 84

Part Three

A general practice

Conclusion 4 Requirement of practice .............................................................. 87

Commentary ............................................................................... 88 Conclusion 5 Conduct of the State as State practice ......................................... 90 Commentary ............................................................................... 90

Conclusion 6 Forms of practice ........................................................................ 91

Commentary ............................................................................... 91

Conclusion 7 Assessing a States practice ........................................................ 92

Commentary ............................................................................... 93 Conclusion 8 The practice must be general ...................................................... 94 Commentary ............................................................................... 94

Part Four

Accepted as law (opinio juris)

Conclusion 9 Requirement of acceptance as law (opinio juris) ........................ 97 Commentary ............................................................................... 97 Conclusion 10 Forms of evidence of acceptance as law (opinio juris) ............... 99 Commentary ............................................................................... 99

Part Five

Significance of certain materials for the identification of customary international law

Conclusion 11 Treaties ....................................................................................... 102

Commentary ............................................................................... 102 Conclusion 12 Resolutions of international organizations and intergovernmental conferences ................................................... 106 Commentary ............................................................................... 106

Conclusion 13 Decisions of courts and tribunals ................................................ 109

Commentary ............................................................................... 109

Conclusion 14 Teachings .................................................................................... 111

Commentary ............................................................................... 111

Part Six

Persistent objector

Conclusion 15 Persistent objector ...................................................................... 112

Commentary ............................................................................... 112

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GE.16-14345 vii

Part Seven

Particular customary international law

Conclusion 16 Particular customary international law ....................................... 114 Commentary ............................................................................... 115

VI. Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties ........ 118

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 118

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 119

C. Text of the draft conclusions on subsequent agreements and subsequent practice

in relation to the interpretation of treaties adopted by the Commission ............................... 120

1. Text of the draft conclusions ........................................................................................ 120

2. Text of the draft conclusions and commentaries thereto .............................................. 123

Part One

Introduction

Conclusion 1 [1a] Introduction ........................................................................... 124

Commentary .......................................................................... 124

Part Two

Basic rules and definitions

Conclusion 2 [1] General rule and means of treaty interpretation .................... 124 Commentary .......................................................................... 125 Conclusion 3 [2] Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice as authentic means of interpretation .......................................... 132 Commentary .......................................................................... 132 Conclusion 4 Definition of subsequent agreement and subsequent practice .................................................................................. 137 Commentary .......................................................................... 137 Conclusion 5 Attribution of subsequent practice ........................................ 149 Commentary .......................................................................... 149

Part Three

General aspects

Conclusion 6 Identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice .................................................................................. 156 Commentary .......................................................................... 156 Conclusion 7 Possible effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in interpretation ....................................................... 165 Commentary .......................................................................... 165 Conclusion 8 [3] Interpretation of treaty terms as capable of evolving over time ....................................................................................... 180 Commentary .......................................................................... 180

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viii GE.16-14345 Conclusion 9 [8] Weight of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice as a means of interpretation .................................................. 188 Commentary .......................................................................... 188 Conclusion 10 [9] Agreement of the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty .............................................................................. 193 Commentary .......................................................................... 193

Part Four

Specific aspects

Conclusion 11 [10] Decisions adopted within the framework of a Conference of States Parties .................................................................. 201 Commentary ....................................................................... 202 Conclusion 12 [11] Constituent instruments of international organizations ...... 213 Commentary ....................................................................... 214 Conclusion 13 [12] Pronouncements of expert treaty bodies ............................ 228 Commentary ....................................................................... 229

VII. Crimes against humanity ............................................................................................................... 241

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 241

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 241

C. Text of the draft articles on crimes against humanity provisionally adopted so far

by the Commission ............................................................................................................... 242

1. Text of the draft articles ............................................................................................... 242

2. Text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted

by the Commission at its sixty-eighth session .............................................................. 246

Article 5 Criminalization under national law ........................................................... 247

Commentary ............................................................................................. 248

Article 6 Establishment of national jurisdiction ...................................................... 265

Commentary ............................................................................................. 266

Article 7 Investigation ............................................................................................. 269

Commentary ............................................................................................. 269

Article 8 Preliminary measures when an alleged offender is present ...................... 271

Commentary ............................................................................................. 271

Article 9 Aut dedere aut judicare ............................................................................ 273

Commentary ............................................................................................. 273

Article 10 Fair treatment of the alleged offender ....................................................... 276

Commentary ............................................................................................. 276

VIII. Protection of the atmosphere ......................................................................................................... 281

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 281

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 281

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GE.16-14345 ix

C. Text of the draft guidelines on the protection of the atmosphere, together with

preambular paragraphs, provisionally adopted so far by the Commission ........................... 282

1. Text of the draft guidelines, together with preambular paragraphs .............................. 282

2. Text of the draft guidelines, together with a preambular paragraph, and

commentaries thereto provisionally adopted by the Commission

at its sixty-eighth session .............................................................................................. 284

Preamble ....................................................................................................................... 285

Commentary .......................................................................................... 285

Guideline 3 Obligation to protect the atmosphere ..................................................... 286

Commentary .......................................................................................... 286

Guideline 4 Environmental impact assessment ......................................................... 288

Commentary .......................................................................................... 289

Guideline 5 Sustainable utilization of the atmosphere .............................................. 291

Commentary .......................................................................................... 291

Guideline 6 Equitable and reasonable utilization of the atmosphere ......................... 292

Commentary .......................................................................................... 293

Guideline 7 Intentional large-scale modification of the atmosphere ......................... 293

Commentary .......................................................................................... 293

IX. Jus cogens ..................................................................................................................................... 297

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 297

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 297

1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the first report ............................................ 297

2. Summary of the debate ................................................................................................. 300

3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur ............................................................ 304

X. Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts ........................................................ 306

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 306

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 306

1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the third report ........................................... 309

2. Summary of the debate ................................................................................................. 311

(a) General comments ............................................................................................. 311

(b) Draft principle I-1 Implementation and enforcement ................................... 312 (c) Draft principle I-3 Status of forces and status of mission agreements ......... 313

(d) Draft principle I-4 Peace operations ............................................................. 313

(e) Draft principle III-1 Peace agreements ........................................................ 313

(f) Draft principle III-2 Post-conflict environmental assessments

and reviews ....................................................................................................... 314

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x GE.16-14345 (g) Draft principle III-3 Remnants of war, and Draft principle III-4 Remnants of war at sea ................................................ 314 (h) Draft principle III-5 Access to and sharing of information .......................... 315 (i) Draft principle IV-1 Rights of indigenous peoples ...................................... 316

(j) Future programme of work ............................................................................... 316

3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur ............................................................ 317

C. Text of the draft principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed

conflicts provisionally adopted so far by the Commission ................................................... 319

1. Text of the draft principles ........................................................................................... 319

2. Text of the draft principles and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted321

by the Commission at its sixty-eighth session .............................................................. 321

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 321

Draft principle 1 Scope ............................................................................ 322

Commentary ................................................................. 322

Draft principle 2 Purpose ......................................................................... 322

Commentary ................................................................. 323

Part One

General principles ........................................................................................................ 323

Draft principle 5 [I-(x)] Designation of protected zones ..................................... 323 Commentary ................................................................. 323

Part Two

Principles applicable during armed conflict ................................................................. 327

Draft principle 9 [II-1] General protection of the natural environment during armed conflict ............................................................... 327 Commentary ................................................................. 328 Draft principle 10 [II-2] Application of the law of armed conflict to the natural environment ...................................................... 332 Commentary ................................................................. 332 Draft principle 11 [II-3] Environmental considerations ...................................... 335 Commentary ................................................................. 335

Draft principle 12 [II-4] Prohibition of reprisals ................................................. 336

Commentary ................................................................. 336

Draft principle 13 [II-5] Protected zones ............................................................. 339

Commentary ................................................................. 339

XI. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction ..................................................... 341

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 341

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 342

1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the fifth report ........................................... 342

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GE.16-14345 xi

2. Summary of the debate ................................................................................................. 345

(a) General comments ............................................................................................. 345

(b) Comments on methodological and conceptual issues raised in

the fifth report ................................................................................................... 345

(c) Comments on draft article 7 .............................................................................. 350

(d) Future work ....................................................................................................... 351

C. Text of the draft articles on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal352

jurisdiction provisionally adopted so far by the Commission ............................................... 352

1. Text of the draft articles ............................................................................................... 352

2. Text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted

by the Commission at its sixty-eighth session .............................................................. 353

Article 2 Definitions ................................................................................................ 353

Commentary ............................................................................................. 353

Article 6 Scope of immunity ratione materiae ........................................................ 359

Commentary ............................................................................................. 359

XII. Provisional application of treaties ................................................................................................. 364

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 364

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session .................................................................. 365

1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the fourth report ........................................ 366

2. Summary of the debate ................................................................................................. 368

(a) General comments ............................................................................................. 368

(b) Reservations ...................................................................................................... 369

(c) Invalidity of treaties .......................................................................................... 370

(d) Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence

of its breach ....................................................................................................... 371

(e) Cases of succession of States, State responsibility and outbreak

of hostilities ....................................................................................................... 372

(f) Draft guideline 10 ............................................................................................. 372

(g) Practice of international organizations in relation to application of treaties ..... 372

(h) Future work ....................................................................................................... 373

3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur ............................................................ 373

XIII. Other decisions and conclusions of the Commission .................................................................... 376

A. Requests by the Commission for the Secretariat to prepare studies on two topics

in the Commissions agenda ................................................................................................. 376

B. Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission

and its documentation ........................................................................................................... 376

1. Working Group on the Long-term Programme of Work .............................................. 376

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xii GE.16-14345

2. Consideration of General Assembly resolution 70/118 of 14 December 2015

on the rule of law at the national and international levels ............................................ 378

3. Consideration of paragraphs 9 to 12 of resolution 70/236 of 23 December 2015

on the Report of the International Law Commission on the work of the

sixty-seventh session .................................................................................................... 379

4. Seventieth anniversary session of the International Law Commission ........................ 380

5. Honoraria ...................................................................................................................... 381

6. Documentation and publications .................................................................................. 381

7. Yearbook of the International Law Commission .......................................................... 382

8. Assistance of the Codification Division ....................................................................... 382

9. Websites ....................................................................................................................... 383

10. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law ........................................... 383

C. Date and place of the sixty-ninth session of the Commission............................................... 383

D. Cooperation with other bodies .............................................................................................. 383

E. Representation at the seventy-first session of the General Assembly ................................... 384

F. International Law Seminar .................................................................................................... 384

Annexes

A. The settlement of international disputes to which international organizations are parties .... 387

B. Succession of States in respect of State responsibility .......................................................... 400

A/71/10

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