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http://eau.sagepub.com/content/24/1/233The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0956247811431218 2012 24: 233Environment and UrbanizationDavid Sanderson, Anshu Sharma and Juliet Anderson

CARE Gujarat rehabilitation programme-NGO permanent housing 10 years after the Gujarat earthquake: revisiting

the FICCI

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233
Environment & Urbanization Copyright © 2012 International Institute f or Environment and Development (IIED).

Vol 24(1): 223-247. DOI: 10.1177/0956247811431218

www.sagepublications.com

NGO permanent housing 10 years

after the Gujarat earthquake: revisiting the FICCICARE Gujarat rehabilitation programme DAVID SANDERSON, ANSHU SHARMA AND JULIET ANDERSON

ABSTRACT

The January 2001 earthquake that struck the state of Gujarat in India damaged or destroyed some 8,000 villages and 490 towns. In the months an d years after the earthquake, many organizations undertook widespread reconstruc tion programmes. One such collaboration between the NGO CARE India and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) built 5,554 permanent houses as well as schools and community centres in 23 villages . This paper revisits 10 of the 23 villages that were partially or fully rebuil t by FICCICARE,

10 years after the earthquake. It finds that while the houses remain str

ucturally strong and are mostly in use, residents" levels of satisfaction, perception and usage are mixed. A central theme concerns the initial prioritization of seismi c safety, which has sacrificed longer-term considerations of comfort, adaptability and the environment. The paper describes the houses that were built and presents findings according to structural condition, engagement in design, adaptations, ho use selling and perceptions of safety. The discussion presents four issues that emerge from the findings and wider research. The paper ends by proposing a simple equation for good housing, which places people"s involvement in building processes as the vital component.

KEYWORDS

earthquake / housing / India / NGO / people / reconstruction

I. THE 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

The 26 January 2001 earthquake that struck the state of Gujarat in India measured 6.9 on the Richter Scale (1) and killed between 13,000 and

20,000

(2) people. More than one million properties were damaged and

some 8,000 villages and 490 towns were damaged or destroyed, leaving more than 1.5 million people homeless. The cost of the damage was more

than US$ 3 billion. The response to the earthquake within India was immediate, with additional support provided by international aid agencies. The Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) was established to coordinate recovery operations, and in 2003 it was awarded the UN

Sasakawa Award for its work.

As with many other national and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), CARE India was active in the relief efforts and

David Sanderson is a Professor and Director of

the Centre for Development and Emergency Practice (CENDEP) at Oxford Brookes

University, UK. His current

areas of research concern urban disaster risk reduction, livelihoods and post-disaster shelter and housing.

Address: School of

Architecture, Oxford

Brookes University,

Headington Campus,

Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP; e-mail: dsanderson@

brookes.ac.uk

Anshu Sharma is a founder

member of the voluntary organization SEEDS and works on community-based risk reduction in the Asian region.

Address: e-mail: anshu@

seedsindia.org

Juliet Anderson works as

Operations Manager

for

Africa Matters Ltd., an independent consultancy

that provides advice and assistance to companies initiating, developing or growing their activities in

Africa.

Address: e-mail:

ststephensav@hotmail.com

1. As per the Indian

Meteorological Department.

According to the US Geological

Survey it was MW 7.7.

ENVIRONMENT & URBANIZATION Vol 24 No 1 April 2012

234
subsequent recovery. CARE India is a member of the International NGO CARE International, globally one of the world's largest NGOs, and has been operational in India since 1948. CARE's initial relief activities quickly shifted towards recovery, leading to a range of initiatives, a key one being the construction of houses in earthquake-affected villages. In order to achieve this, CARE partnered with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), who between them raised US$ 27 million, initially for the reconstruction of 10,000 houses in 30 earthquake-affected villages. Eventually, the FICCI-CARE Gujarat Rehabilitation Programme undertook a wide range of building reconstruction in 23 villages in thre e of the worst-affected blocks of Bhachau, Anjar and Rapar within Kutch district. (3) Activities eventually comprised the building of 5,554 houses, 15 schools, 11 community centres, 21 crèches, 12 panchayat (village council) buildings, five sub-health centres and water and sanitation infrastructu re. FICCI-CARE utilized one house design (Photo 1), with most houses being stand-alone; in some cases houses were "semi-detached", i.e. they shared one wall. The designs were provided by a Delhi-based Indian earthquake engineer, while construction of the houses was carried out by several building contractors, some of whom were residents of the affecte d villages. The design was for a single-storey building with a 30-square m etre

2. Initial estimates for casualties

were closer to 20,000 but were downgraded by the Gujarat

State Disaster Management

Authority to 13,800 after the

completion of compensation processes. Unofficial estimates for casualties remain in excess of 20,000.

3. Presentation by FICCI at the

National Institute of Disaster

Management, Government of

India, http://nidm.gov.in.

TABLE 1

House construction in villages adopted by FICCICARE in Kutch district

VillageNumber

of houses constructed Total population Male population

Female

population

Lakhapar2801,254624630

Kotda3811,682872810

Rapar270987506481

Devisar24774532

Ajapar68708360348

May2542,2791,2091,070

Moti Chirai5934,4122,6661,746

Lakhdhirgadh45308154154

Ekalvandh49---

Kharoi4471,642857785

Nilpar 362,0101,044966

Bharudia1242,0521,054998

Dabhunda2251,212645567

Davri2241,376742634

Vijapar117711374337

Saranvandh52---

Mankhel2771,127595532

Palansva6007,1184,0743,044

Balasar2743,6131,9561,657

Trambou3292,2111,1461,065

Vanoi1481,548809739

Vanoi Vandh156---

Khengarpar1381,199615584

SOURCE: CARE India (unpublished).

NGO PERMANENT HOUSING 10 YEARS AFTER THE GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE 235
floor area organized into two rooms, with a small verandah at each of th e two entrances. (4) The construction consisted of a flat reinforced concrete roof structure, with walls built of solid concrete blocks and plastered externally. Ring beams at plinth and roof level provided additional earthquake protection. Most finished buildings included water supply and electricity, and the houses in some villages were provided with toilets while others were not. The cost of the FICCI-CARE houses was Rs 102,000 (about UK£

1,400) each. Houses were paid for through a combination of government

of India (GoI) compensation to earthquake-affected households and aid funds. GoI compensation provided Rs 90,000 (about UK£ 1,200) to a household whose house had been destroyed; for lesser damage, payments were reduced according to a GoI scale of G1 to G5, (5) down to Rs 15,000quotesdbs_dbs30.pdfusesText_36

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Vol 24(1): 223-247. DOI: 10.1177/0956247811431218

NGO permanent housing 10 years

ABSTRACT

10 years after the earthquake. It finds that while the houses remain str

KEYWORDS

I. THE 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

20,000

Sasakawa Award for its work.

David Sanderson is a Professor and Director of

University, UK. His current

Address: School of

Architecture, Oxford

Brookes University,

Headington Campus,

Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP; e-mail: dsanderson@

Anshu Sharma is a founder

Address: e-mail: anshu@

Juliet Anderson works as

Operations Manager

Africa Matters Ltd., an independent consultancy

Africa.

Address: e-mail:

1. As per the Indian

Meteorological Department.

According to the US Geological

Survey it was MW 7.7.

ENVIRONMENT & URBANIZATION Vol 24 No 1 April 2012

2. Initial estimates for casualties

State Disaster Management

Authority to 13,800 after the

3. Presentation by FICCI at the

National Institute of Disaster

Management, Government of

India, http://nidm.gov.in.

TABLE 1

VillageNumber

Female

Lakhapar2801,254624630

Kotda3811,682872810

Rapar270987506481

Devisar24774532

Ajapar68708360348

May2542,2791,2091,070

Moti Chirai5934,4122,6661,746

Lakhdhirgadh45308154154

Ekalvandh49---

Kharoi4471,642857785

Nilpar 362,0101,044966

Bharudia1242,0521,054998

Dabhunda2251,212645567

Davri2241,376742634

Vijapar117711374337

Saranvandh52---

Mankhel2771,127595532

Palansva6007,1184,0743,044

Balasar2743,6131,9561,657

Trambou3292,2111,1461,065

Vanoi1481,548809739

Vanoi Vandh156---

Khengarpar1381,199615584

SOURCE: CARE India (unpublished).

1,400) each. Houses were paid for through a combination of government