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Modern

BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE

Grammar

Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guideis an innovative reference guide to Brazilian Portuguese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammaris divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as agreement, nouns, verbs and adjectives. Part B is carefully organized around language functions covering all major communication situations such as:

Establishing identity

Making contact

Expressing likes, dislikes and preferences.

With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Main features of the Grammarinclude:

Clear, jargon-free explanations

Emphasis on the language as it is spoken and written today Extensive cross-referencing between the different sections. A combination of reference grammar and practical usage manual, Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammaris the ideal source for learners of Brazilian Portuguese at all levels, from beginner to advanced. John Whitlamis a freelance writer, university lecturer and lexicographer based in Rio de Janeiro. He has authored a number of language teaching books and project-coordinated and co-authored three of the best-selling bilingual dictionaries of Portuguese and English.

Routledge Modern Grammars

Series concept and development - Sarah Butler

Other books in the series:

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook

Modern German Grammar, Second Edition

Modern German Grammar Workbook, Second Edition

Modern Spanish Grammar, Second Edition

Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook, Second Edition

Modern Italian Grammar, Second Edition

Modern Italian Grammar Workbook, Second Edition

Modern French Grammar, Second Edition

Modern French Grammar Workbook, Second Edition

Modern

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

Grammar

A Practical Guide

John Whitlam

First edition published 2011

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2011 John Whitlam

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Whitlam, John.

Modern Brazilian Portuguese grammar : a practical guide / John Whitlam. - 1st edn p.cm. - (Routledge modern grammars)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Portuguese language - Grammar. 2. Portuguese language - Textbooks for

foreign speakers - English. 3. Portuguese language - Spoken Portugese. I. Title.

PC5444.W45 2011

469.798 - dc22 2010009096

ISBN10: 0-415-56643-6 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0-415-56644-4 (pbk)

ISBN10: 0-203-84392-4 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-56643-8 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-56644-5 (pbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-203-84392-5 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledgeís collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

ISBN 0-203-

84392
4

Master e-book ISBN

Contents

Introduction 1

Glossary of grammatical terms 3

Structures

1 Pronunciation and spelling 11

1.1 The Portuguese alphabet 11

1.2 Consonant sounds 11

1.3 Oral vowel sounds 13

1.4 Nasal vowel sounds 14

1.5 Spelling and pronunciation 15

1.6 Syllabification 16

1.7 Stress and written accents 17

1.8 Hyphenation 19

1.9 Use of capital letters 20

1.10 Punctuation 21

2 Gender and gender agreement 22

2.1 What is grammatical gender? 22

2.2 Rules for determining gender 22

2.3 Feminine forms of nouns and adjectives 25

3 Number and number agreement 27

3.1 Singular vs. plural 27

3.2 Forming the plural of nouns and adjectives 27

3.3 Plurals referring collectively to males and females 29

3.4 Use of singular and plural 30

3.5 Countability 31

4 Articles 32

4.1 The definite article 32

4.2 The indefinite article 35

5 Adjectives and adverbs 38

5.1 Position of adjectives 38

5.2 Adjectives that always precede the noun 38

5.3 Adjectives with different meanings according to their position 39

5.4 Adjectives used as nouns 41

5.5 Adjectives used as adverbs 42

v

Part A

5.6 Formation of adverbs of manner 43

5.7 Position of adverbs and adverbials 43

5.8 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs 44

5.9 Irregular comparative forms 44

5.10 The syntax of comparative sentences45

5.11 The absolute superlative46

5.12 Colloquial intensifiers47

6 Numbers and numerical expressions 48

6.1 Cardinal numbers48

6.2 Ordinal numbers49

6.3 Collective numbers50

6.4 Dates51

6.5 Clock time51

6.6 Fractions53

6.7 Decimal fractions53

6.8 Percentages53

6.9 Monetary amounts54

6.10 Monarchs, popes, etc. 54

7 Personal pronouns 55

7.1 First person pronouns55

7.2You 56

7.3 Third person pronouns58

7.4 Use of subject pronouns60

7.5 Placement of unstressed object pronouns61

7.6 More about indirect pronoun objects65

7.7 Pronouns used with prepositions66

7.8 Emphatic uses of object pronouns66

7.9 Non-standard pronouns67

7.10 Brazilian personal pronoun usage - quick reference tables 68

8 Demonstratives 70

8.1 Introduction70

8.2 Forms and meaning70

8.3 Usage70

8.4 Neuter demonstrative pronouns72

8.5 Demonstrative adverbs 'here' and 'there' 73

9 Possessives 75

9.1 Introduction75

9.2 Forms75

9.3 Usage75

9.4 Omission of possessives77

9.5próprio'own'78

9.6 Possessives after the verb ser'to be'78

9.7 The second person possessiveteu(s)/tua(s)78

9.8 Special use of the possessiveseu(s)/sua(s)79

10 Relative pronouns 80

10.1que80

10.2quem80

CONTENTS

vi

10.3o que81

10.4o/a qual,os/as quais81

10.5cujo(s),cuja(s)82

10.6quanto(s)/quanta(s)82

10.7onde83

10.8 Note on translating 'when' as a relative 83

11 Interrogatives 84

11.1o que84

11.2que84

11.3qual, quais84

11.4quem85

11.5quanto(s)/quanta(s)86

11.6como86

11.7onde87

11.8quando87

11.9por que88

11.10para que88

11.11quão88

11.12 Other points about interrogatives 88

12 Exclamations 91

12.1que91

12.2quanto(s)/quanta(s)91

12.3como91

13 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns 93

13.1todo(s)/toda(s)93

13.2tudo94

13.3ambos/as95

13.4cada96

13.5qualquer96

13.6alguém97

13.7algum/alguma, alguns/algumas97

13.8alguma coisa98

13.9algo98

13.10outro(s)/outra(s)98

13.11tal99

13.12 Adjectives and pronouns of quantity100

13.13 Other indefinite adjectives and pronouns102

13.14 'Else'103

14 Negatives 104

14.1não104

14.2nada105

14.3ninguém105

14.4nunca106

14.5jamais106

14.6nem106

14.7nenhum/nenhuma107

14.8sem107

CONTENTS

vii

15 Regular verb conjugations 109

15.1 Introduction to Portuguese verbs: how the system works109

15.2 The infinitive and the stem109

15.3 Simple tenses: present indicative110

15.4 Simple tenses: imperfect indicative110

15.5 Simple tenses: preterite indicative111

15.6 Simple tenses: present subjunctive111

15.7 Simple tenses: imperfect subjunctive112

15.8 Simple tenses: future subjunctive112

15.9 Future and conditional tenses112

15.10 Simple pluperfect tense113

15.11 Stress patterns in regular verbs113

15.12 Spelling conventions governing regular verbs114

16 Semi-irregular and irregular verbs 116

16.1 Radical-changing verbs116

16.2 Semi-irregular verbs117

16.3 Irregular verbs118

17 Gerunds, past participles, compound tenses and the passive 123

17.1 Gerunds123

17.2 Past participles124

17.3 Compound tenses125

17.4 The passive126

18 Use of the tenses 128

18.1 Present simple128

18.2 Present continuous128

18.3 Imperfect129

18.4 Imperfect continuous130

18.5 Preterite130

18.6 Perfect131

18.7 Pluperfect131

18.8 Future tense131

18.9 Future perfect132

18.10 Conditional132

18.11 Conditional perfect133

19 The infinitive 134

19.1 Introduction134

19.2 Uses of the infinitive134

19.3 Impersonal vs. personal infinitive135

19.4 Use of the infinitive after prepositions136

19.5 Verbs followed by the infinitive137

19.6 Cases where either the impersonal or personal infinitive

may be used139

19.7 Personal infinitive with the same subject as the main verb140

19.8 Position of object pronouns with the infinitive140

19.9 Other uses of the infinitive141

20 The subjunctive 143

20.1 Introduction143

CONTENTS

viii

20.2 Sequence of tenses143

20.3 The present or imperfect subjunctive in subordinate

clauses144

20.4 The future or imperfect subjunctive in subordinate

clauses146

20.5 The subjunctive in conditional clauses147

20.6 The subjunctive in main clauses148

20.7 Idiomatic uses of the subjunctive149

20.8 Subjunctive vs. infinitive149

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