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Wild Catherine (Kate) (2010) Attitudes towards English usage in the

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Glasgow Theses Service

http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ theses@gla.ac.uk Wild, Catherine (Kate) (2010) Attitudes towards English usage in the late modern period: the case of phrasal verbs. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2264/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Attitudes towards English Usage in the Late Modern

Period:

The Case of Phrasal Verbs

Catherine (Kate) Wild

MA, MPhil

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

University of Glasgow

College of Arts

School of Critical Studies

November 2010

© Catherine Wild 2010

Abstract

Phrasal verbs are an intrinsic part of Late Modern English, and are found in both informal and colloquial language (check out, listen up) and more formal styles (a thesis might set out some problems and then sum up the main points). They are highly productive: up can be added to almost any verb to signify goal or end- point (read up, finish up, eat up, meet up, fatten up); and once a phrasal verb has been coined, a conversion often follows (for example, the verb phone in was first recorded in 1946, and the noun phone-in in 1967; dumb down was coined in

1933, and we read of dumbed-down material in 1982).

Perhaps because of their pervasiveness, phrasal verbs are frequently criticized (although occasionally praised) in Late Modern English texts about language. The purpose of this thesis is to examine such attitudes in three strands. Firstly, over one hundred language texts (grammars, dictionaries, and usage manuals, among others, from 1750 to 1970) were examined to discover how phrasal verbs were recognized and classified in Late Modern English. Secondly, these materials were analyzed in order to find out how attitudes towards phrasal verbs in English developed in relation to broader attitudes towards language in the Late Modern period. Thirdly, phrasal verb usage in A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers, a corpus of British and American English from 1650 to 1990, was analyzed to determine how such attitudes affect usage. It will be shown that attitudes towards phrasal verbs reflect various strands of language ideology, including opinions about Latinate as opposed to native vocabulary; ideals relating to etymology, polysemy, and redundancy; reactions to neologisms; and attitudes towards language variety. Furthermore, it will be suggested that in the case of certain redundant combinations such as return back and raise up, proscriptions of phrasal verbs did have an effect on their usage in the Late

Modern period.

Abstract ...................................................................................... 2 List of Tables ................................................................................ 9 List of Figures .............................................................................. 10 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 11 Abbreviations .............................................................................. 12 Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................. 13

1.1. Preliminaries ....................................................................... 13

1.2. Phrasal verbs in English: definition and terminology ........................ 14

1.2.1. Phrasal verbs .................................................................. 14

1.2.2. Related constructions........................................................ 20

1.2.3. Conversions .................................................................... 22

1.3. Previous work in the field ........................................................ 23

1.3.1. Phrasal verbs .................................................................. 23

1.3.2. Attitudes towards English usage ........................................... 26

1.3.3. Attitudes towards phrasal verbs ........................................... 28

1.3.4. Other ........................................................................... 29

1.4. Source materials ................................................................... 29

1.4.1. Delimitation of period ....................................................... 29

1.4.2. Source materials: precepts ................................................. 30

1.4.3. Source materials: usage ..................................................... 34

1.4.4. A note on the use of the OED as evidence ................................ 35

1.5. Outline of thesis ................................................................... 35

Chapter 2. The recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in Late Modern English ....................................................................................... 37 4

2.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 37

2.2. Previous research on the recognition and classification of phrasal verbs 37

2.2.1. Grammars ..................................................................... 37

2.2.2. Dictionaries ................................................................... 39

2.3. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE grammars ...... 42

2.3.1. Summary ....................................................................... 51

2.4. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE dictionaries .... 54

2B4B1B -ROQVRQ·V $ GLŃPLRQMU\ RI POH (QJOLVO IMnguage (1755) ................ 54

2B4B2B JHNVPHU·V $Q $PHULŃMQ GLŃPLRQMU\ RI POH (QJOLVO IMQJXMJH 1828 .. 64

2.4.3. OED1 ............................................................................ 69

2.4.4. Summary ....................................................................... 78

2.5. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE usage manuals . 80

2.5.1. Terminology ................................................................... 80

2.5.2. Distinction between phrasal verbs and other types of group-verb ... 81

2.5.3. Awareness of grammatical and semantic features of phrasal verbs . 81

2.6. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE articles/letters 82

2.6.1. Terminology ................................................................... 82

2.6.2. Distinction between phrasal verbs and other types of group-verb ... 83

2.6.3. Awareness of grammatical and semantic features of phrasal verbs . 83

2.7. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in other works ............ 84

2.8. Summary ............................................................................ 85

2.8.1. Terminology ................................................................... 85

2.8.2. Distinction between phrasal verbs and other types of group-verb ... 86

2.8.3. Awareness of grammatical and semantic features of phrasal verbs . 87

2.9. Conclusion .......................................................................... 88

Chapter 3. Overview of attitudes in the precept corpus ............................ 89

3.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 89

3.2. Methodology ........................................................................ 89

3.3. Overview ............................................................................ 89

Chapter 4. Phrasal verbs and attitudes towards Latin ............................... 94

4.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 94

4.2. Attitudes towards Latinate vocabulary and grammar: an overview ....... 94

4.2.1. Latinate vocabulary .......................................................... 94

4.2.2. Latinate grammar ............................................................ 99

4.2.3. Summary ...................................................................... 101

4.3. Attitudes in the precept corpus towards the native origins of phrasal verbs

........................................................................................... 102

4.3.1. General negative attitudes ................................................ 103

4.3.2. General positive attitudes ................................................. 107

4.3.3. Phrasal verbs and preposition stranding ................................. 110

4.3.4. Other .......................................................................... 118

4.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 120

Chapter 5. One word, one meaning: phrasal verbs and attitudes towards etymology, polysemy and redundancy ................................................ 122

5.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 122

5.2. Attitudes towards etymological meanings, polysemy and redundancy: an

overview ................................................................................. 122

5.2.1. Etymology and the true meaning of words .............................. 122

5.2.2. Polysemy ...................................................................... 126

5.2.3. Redundancy .................................................................. 131

5.3. Attitudes in the precept corpus towards the meaning of phrasal verbs . 133

5.3.2. Polysemy of phrasal verbs ................................................. 138

5.3.3. Redundant particles ........................................................ 143

5.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 152

6 Chapter 6. Vulgar abuses or enrichments of the vocabulary: phrasal verbs, linguistic levels and neologisms ........................................................ 153

6.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 153

6.2. Attitudes towards linguistic levels and neologisms: an overview ......... 153

6.2.1. Style and status labels ..................................................... 153

6.2.2. Neologisms ................................................................... 156

6.3. Attitudes in the precept corpus relating to linguistic levels and neologisms

........................................................................................... 157

6.3.1. Style and status ............................................................. 157

6.3.2. Neologisms ................................................................... 159

6.3.3. Status/neologisms ........................................................... 160

6.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 162

Chapter 7. Regional prejudices: phrasal verbs as Scotticisms and Americanisms .............................................................................................. 163

7.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 163

7.2. Attitudes towards regional variation: an overview .......................... 163

7.2.1. Scotticisms ................................................................... 165

7.2.2. Americanisms ................................................................ 168

7.3. Attitudes in the precept corpus towards the regional origins of phrasal

verbs ..................................................................................... 170

7.3.1. Scotticisms ................................................................... 172

7.3.2. Americanisms ................................................................ 178

7.3.3. Other .......................................................................... 187

7.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 188

Chapter 8. The labelling of phrasal verbs in Late Modern English dictionaries . 190

8.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 190

8.2. Johnson, Webster and the OED ² from prescriptive to descriptive? ...... 190

8.3. Restrictive labels ................................................................. 192

8.3.1. Improper ...................................................................... 193

8.3.2. Colloquial ..................................................................... 195

8.3.3. Familiar ....................................................................... 196

8.3.4. Vulgar ......................................................................... 197

8.3.5. Popular ........................................................................ 198

8.3.6. Slang ........................................................................... 199

8.3.7. Inelegant ...................................................................... 200

8.3.8. Summary ...................................................................... 202

8.4. Methodology ....................................................................... 202

8.5. Analysis ............................................................................ 204

8.5.1. Johnson ....................................................................... 204

8.5.2. Webster ....................................................................... 212

8.5.3. OED1 ........................................................................... 216

8.6. Conclusion ......................................................................... 221

Chapter 9. The interplay between prescriptivism and usage: a diachronic study of phrasal verbs in British and American English .................................... 222

9.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 222

9.2. Previous diachronic corpus studies of phrasal verbs in English ............ 222

9.2.1. Studies of redundant phrasal verbs ...................................... 223

9.3. A corpus study of redundant phrasal verbs in LModE ....................... 225

9.3.1. Methodology ................................................................. 225

9.3.2. Results and analysis ......................................................... 226

9.3.3. Discussion ..................................................................... 246

9.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 251

Chapter 10. Conclusions ................................................................. 253

10.1. Findings ........................................................................... 253

10.1.1. Recognition of phrasal verbs in LModE ................................. 253

10.1.2. Attitudes towards phrasal verbs in LModE ............................. 253

10.1.3. Usage of phrasal verbs in LModE ........................................ 257

10.2. Questions for future research ................................................. 258

Appendix 1. Overview of the precept corpus ........................................ 260 Appendix 2. Grammars in the precept corpus ........................................ 261 Appendix 3. Usage manuals in the precept corpus .................................. 271 Appendix 4. Articles and letters in the precept corpus ............................ 284 Appendix 5. Other materials in the precept corpus ................................. 287 Appendix 6. Additional material on etymology and polysemy ..................... 289 Appendix 7. Redundant phrasal verbs in the precept corpus ...................... 301 Appendix 8. Phrasal verbs and linguistic level: types of criticism and OED evidence ................................................................................... 303 Appendix 9. Phrasal verbs as Americanisms: types of criticism and OED evidence .............................................................................................. 306 Appendix 10. Phrasal verbs with prescriptive labels in Johnson and Webster: OED dates and labels .......................................................................... 310 Appendix 11. Selection of labelled phrasal verbs in OED1 ......................... 312 Appendix 12. Phrasal verbs with back, down, out and up in ARCHER, by period and genre .................................................................................. 317 Appendix 13. Redundant phrasal verbs in ARCHER .................................. 320 Appendix 14. Redundant phrasal verbs criticized in the precept corpus and dictionaries: occurrences in ARCHER .................................................. 322 Appendix 15. Sub-categories of redundant phrasal verbs in ARCHER: types and tokens ...................................................................................... 324 Appendix 16. Sub-categories of redundant phrasal verbs .......................... 333 Appendix 17. Repetitive phrasal verbs, by genre .................................... 334 Appendix 18. Aktionsart phrasal verbs, by genre .................................... 337 Bibliography ............................................................................... 340 9

List of Tables

Table 2-1 Additions of particle references in B in the fourth edition of JohnsoQ""""""""quotesdbs_dbs48.pdfusesText_48

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[PDF] Wild Catherine (Kate) (2010) Attitudes towards English usage in the

Glasgow Theses Service

Period:

The Case of Phrasal Verbs

Catherine (Kate) Wild

MA, MPhil

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

University of Glasgow

College of Arts

School of Critical Studies

November 2010

© Catherine Wild 2010

Abstract

1933, and we read of dumbed-down material in 1982).

Modern period.

Contents

1.1. Preliminaries ....................................................................... 13

1.2. Phrasal verbs in English: definition and terminology ........................ 14

1.2.1. Phrasal verbs .................................................................. 14

1.2.2. Related constructions........................................................ 20

1.2.3. Conversions .................................................................... 22

1.3. Previous work in the field ........................................................ 23

1.3.1. Phrasal verbs .................................................................. 23

1.3.2. Attitudes towards English usage ........................................... 26

1.3.3. Attitudes towards phrasal verbs ........................................... 28

1.3.4. Other ........................................................................... 29

1.4. Source materials ................................................................... 29

1.4.1. Delimitation of period ....................................................... 29

1.4.2. Source materials: precepts ................................................. 30

1.4.3. Source materials: usage ..................................................... 34

1.4.4. A note on the use of the OED as evidence ................................ 35

1.5. Outline of thesis ................................................................... 35

2.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 37

2.2. Previous research on the recognition and classification of phrasal verbs 37

2.2.1. Grammars ..................................................................... 37

2.2.2. Dictionaries ................................................................... 39

2.3. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE grammars ...... 42

2.3.1. Summary ....................................................................... 51

2.4. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE dictionaries .... 54

2B4B1B -ROQVRQ·V $ GLŃPLRQMU\ RI POH (QJOLVO IMnguage (1755) ................ 54

2B4B2B JHNVPHU·V $Q $PHULŃMQ GLŃPLRQMU\ RI POH (QJOLVO IMQJXMJH 1828 .. 64

2.4.3. OED1 ............................................................................ 69

2.4.4. Summary ....................................................................... 78

2.5. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE usage manuals . 80

2.5.1. Terminology ................................................................... 80

2.5.2. Distinction between phrasal verbs and other types of group-verb ... 81

2.5.3. Awareness of grammatical and semantic features of phrasal verbs . 81

2.6. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in LModE articles/letters 82

2.6.1. Terminology ................................................................... 82

2.6.2. Distinction between phrasal verbs and other types of group-verb ... 83

2.6.3. Awareness of grammatical and semantic features of phrasal verbs . 83

2.7. Recognition and classification of phrasal verbs in other works ............ 84

2.8. Summary ............................................................................ 85

2.8.1. Terminology ................................................................... 85

2.8.2. Distinction between phrasal verbs and other types of group-verb ... 86

2.8.3. Awareness of grammatical and semantic features of phrasal verbs . 87

2.9. Conclusion .......................................................................... 88

3.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 89

3.2. Methodology ........................................................................ 89

3.3. Overview ............................................................................ 89

4.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 94

4.2. Attitudes towards Latinate vocabulary and grammar: an overview ....... 94

4.2.1. Latinate vocabulary .......................................................... 94

4.2.2. Latinate grammar ............................................................ 99

4.2.3. Summary ...................................................................... 101

4.3. Attitudes in the precept corpus towards the native origins of phrasal verbs

4.3.1. General negative attitudes ................................................ 103

4.3.2. General positive attitudes ................................................. 107

4.3.3. Phrasal verbs and preposition stranding ................................. 110

4.3.4. Other .......................................................................... 118

4.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 120

5.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 122

5.2. Attitudes towards etymological meanings, polysemy and redundancy: an

5.2.1. Etymology and the true meaning of words .............................. 122

5.2.2. Polysemy ...................................................................... 126

5.2.3. Redundancy .................................................................. 131

5.3. Attitudes in the precept corpus towards the meaning of phrasal verbs . 133

5.3.2. Polysemy of phrasal verbs ................................................. 138

5.3.3. Redundant particles ........................................................ 143

5.4. Conclusion ......................................................................... 152