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3.Mediatization, Media Theory and Spectacle: Paving the Way for Doping in the Mysinc

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4.4.1 Analyzing News Texts: Framing Analysis Methodology....................................97

4.4.2 The Origins of Framing Analysis...........................................................................99

4.4.3 Framing in Media and Communication Studies...............................................101

4.4.4 Framing Studies of Sport in the Media.............................................................102

4.4.5 Addressing Criticisms of Framing Analysis........................................................103

4.4.6 Summary................................................................................................................106

4.5 Research Design..................................................................................................................106

4.5.1 News Sample.........................................................................................................107

4.5.2 News Content Data Periods................................................................................107

4.5.3 Selection of News Outlets...................................................................................109

4.5.4 Selection of Databases........................................................................................110

4.5.5 Search Terms.........................................................................................................111

4.5.6 Sample Cleaning...................................................................................................111

4.5.6.1 Criteria for Exclusion..............................................................................111

4.5.7 Article Categorization..........................................................................................112

4.6 Framing Analysis.................................................................................................................113

4.6.1 Determining a Rider/Doping Suspicion Frame.................................................113

4.6.2 Text Fragments as Frames..................................................................................114

4.6.3 Pilot Study: Establishing a Systematic Method Identification and

Interpretation of Rider/Doping Suspicion Frames...........................................115

4.6.4 Umbrella Frame Categories in the Main Study: Frame Identification and

4.6.5 Converting Text Fragments into Frame Sub-Categories.................................117

4.6.6 Coding Frames Thematic or Episodic: Frame Contextual Orientations........118

4.6.7 Coding Frames for Doping Suspicion Orientation...........................................120

4.6.8 Frame Word Count and Article Word Count to Identify Framing Density...121

4.6.8.1 Frame Density by Corpus......................................................................121

4.6.8.2 Frame Density by Article.......................................................................122

4.6.9 Common Themes Among Framing Sub-Categories: Framing Motifs............122

4.7 Summary..............................................................................................................................123

5. Research Findings.............................................................................................................125

5.1 Executive Summary of Key Findings................................................................................125

5.2 Article Categorization: 'NM Doping' Articles and 'Doping' Articles per Corpus........127

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List of Figures

Figure.1 Framing of Casual Responsibility for Bullying in US Schools: Bullies and Their Families (Kim

and Telleen, 2017, p.732).................................................................................................................................98

Figure 2. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Doping and NM Doping Articles:

Lance Armstrong, The Times Corpus........................................................................................................... 128

Figure 3. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Doping and NM Doping Articles:

Lance Armstrong, The New York Times Corpus..........................................................................................128

Figure 4. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Doping and NM Doping Articles: Chris

Froome, The Times Corpus.............................................................................................................................129

Figure 5. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Doping and NM Doping Articles: Chris

Froome, The New York Times Corpus...........................................................................................................129

Figure 6. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Contextual Orientation:

Lance Armstrong, The Times Corpus............................................................................................................135

Figure 7. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Contextual Orientation:

Lance Armstrong, The New York Times Corpus..........................................................................................135

Figure 8. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Contextual Orientation:

Chris Froome, The Times Corpus...................................................................................................................136

Figure 9. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Contextual Orientation:

Chris Froome, The New York Times Corpus.................................................................................................136

Figure 10. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Doping Suspicion

Orientation: Lance Armstrong, The Times Corpus......................................................................................137

Figure 11. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Doping Suspicion

Orientation: Lance Armstrong, The New York Times Corpus....................................................................137

Figure 12. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Doping Suspicion

Orientation: Chris Froome, The Times Corpus.............................................................................................138

Figure 13. Pie Chart Showing Total Number (and Percentage) of Frames by Doping Suspicion

Orientation: Chris Froome, The New York Times Corpus..........................................................................138

Figure 14. Clustered Column Chart Showing the Density of All Frames across each Corpus, and by

Contextual Orientation Codes and Doping Suspicion Orientation Codes................................................139

Figure 15. Box and Whisker Graph of Frame Density (All Frames) by Article for Each Corpus............141

Figure 16. Pie Chart Showing Total Rider/Doping Suspicion Frames per Frame Motif (and Including

Novel Frames) Combined Across Four Corpora...........................................................................................142

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