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WORLD MIGRATION

REPORT

2020

The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect the views of the

International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material

throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the

legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benets migrants and society. As an

intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting

the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and

economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

This agship World Migration Report has been produced in line with IOM"s Environment Policy and is available

online only. Printed hard copies have not been made in order to reduce paper, printing and transportation impacts.

The report is available for free download at

www.iom.int/wmr.

Publisher:

International Organization for Migration

17 route des Morillons

P.O. Box 17

1211 Geneva 19

Switzerland

Tel.: +41 22 717 9111

Fax: +41 22 798 6150

Email: hq@iom.int

Website: www.iom.int

ISSN 1561-5502

e-ISBN 978-92-9068-789-4

Cover photos

Top: Children from Taro island carry lighter items from IOM"s delivery of food aid funded by USAID, with transport

support from the United Nations.

IOM 2013/Joe

LOWRY

Middle:

Rice elds in Southern Bangladesh.

IOM 2016/Amanda

NERO

Bottom:

Ferrick Ibet village, Chad.

IOM 2018/Amanda

NERO

2019 International Organization for Migration (IOM)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior

written permission of the publisher.

PUB2019/006/L WMR 2020

WORLD MIGRATION

REPORT

2020
iiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under

the direction of the editors. The

World Migration Report 2020

project commenced in May 2018 and culminated in the launch of the report in November 2019 by the Director General at the 110th session of IOM Council.

The ndings, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reect the

views of IOM or its Member States.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of

any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of

its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report, including

through data verication. We regret, however, any data errors that may remain. Unless otherwise stated, this report

does not refer to data or events after June 2019. The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v. iiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Editorial, review and production team

Editors

Marie McAuliffe (IOM) and Binod Khadria (Jawaharlal Nehru University)

IOM reviewers

Jill Helke, Manuel Hoff, Dina Ionesco, Michele Klein Solomon, Jobst Kœhler, Laura Lungarotti, Chiara Milano, Daria Mokhnacheva, Mirela Shuteriqi, Jasper Tjaden, Mariam Traore Chazalnoel and Jacqueline Weekers

Academic reviewers

Maruja Asis, Jørgen Carling, Stephen Castles, Howard Duncan, Gibril Faal, Elizabeth Ferris, Francois Gemenne, Ian Goldin, Sakiko Kanbara, Susan Martin, Marco Pedrotti, Martin Ruhs, Nando Sigona, Ronald Skeldon, Felicity Thomas,

Anna Triandafyllidou and Cathy Zimmerman

Production manager

Valerie Hagger

Project administration

Frances Solinap and Aurelie Ben Gavriel

Copyeditor

Michael Gibson

Report layout

Ramir Recinto

IOM research team

Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Adrian Kitimbo, Michelle Nguyen (part project), Adam Sawyer (part project), Sophie Qu (part project)

Translation

Spanish Translation Unit (IOM)

French Translation Unit (IOM)Acknowledgements

The editors are particularly grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and

academic reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters. We are especially grateful to

IOM"s Director General, António Vitorino, and members of IOM"s senior leadership team, who supported this

World Migration Report, including Laura Thompson, Eugenio Ambrosi, Jill Helke, Michele Klein Solomon and

Clarissa Azkoul. We also wish to acknowledge the governments of Switzerland and Germany for their nancial

contributions toward the completion of the report. Additional funding to support translations has been

received from the Swiss Government, the Canadian Government, USA for IOM, IOM Regional Ofce for South

America and IOM Regional Ofce for Central and North America and the Caribbean. We wish to thank the following people for their contributions to the report: Idil Atak (

International Journal

of Migration and Border Studies ), Vincent Chetail (

Refugee Survey Quarterly

), Howard Duncan (

International

Migration

), Alan Gamlen (

Migration Studies

), Donald Kerwin (

Journal on Migration and Human Security

Emmanuel Ma Mung and Véronique Petit (

Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales ), Anna

Triandafyllidou (

Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies

), Jamie Winders, Pieter Bevelander, Cynthia

Feliciano, Filiz Garip and Matthew Hall (

International Migration Review

), Ross Chainey (

World Economic

Forum ), Hannah Caddick and Amy Leach (Overseas Development Institute), Robert McMahon (

Council on

Foreign Relations

), Jason Naselli and Alan Philips (Chatham House), Homi Kharas, Dany Bahar and Merrell

Tuck-Primdahl (Brookings Institution).

ivWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Contributors

Chapter 1: Report overview: Providing perspective on migration and mobility in increasingly uncertain times

Authors: Marie McAuliffe and Binod Khadria

Research assistants: Adrian Kitimbo and Berti Olinto Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Michelle Nguyen and Sophie Qu

Research assistants and other contributors: Juliane Klatt, Adam Sawyer, Adrian Kitimbo, Reshma Mathews,

Kate Dearden, Tristan O"Shea, Noelle Darbellay, Sarah Knight, Muhammad Rizki and Claire Galez-Davis Chapter 3: Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Guy Abel, Adam Sawyer and Juliane Klatt Research assistants and other contributors: Berti Olinto, Reshma Mathews, Alexander Doggen, Damien

Jusselme, Alice Kimani, Lisa Lim Ah Ken, Rudolf Maxwald, Kristina Mejo, Lucie Bertille Motuin, Sophie

Nonnenmacher, Soane Ouaret, Amr Taha, Ezequiel Texido, Mariko Tomiyama, Laura Nistri, Alina Klehr and

Eva Pons

Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz and Michelle Nguyen Research assistants and other contributors: Marie Mundler, Idil Atak (

International Journal of Migration and

Border Studies

), Vincent Chetail (

Refugee Survey Quarterly

), Howard Duncan (

International Migration

), Alan

Gamlen (

Migration Studies

), Donald Kerwin (

Journal on Migration and Human Security

), Emmanuel Ma Mung and Véronique Petit ( Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales ), Anna Triandafyllidou (

Journal of

Immigrant and Refugee Studies

), Jamie Winders, Pieter Bevelander, Cynthia Feliciano, Filiz Garip and Matthew

Hall (

International Migration Review

), Ross Chainey (World Economic Forum), Hannah Caddick and Amy Leach

(Overseas Development Institute), Robert McMahon (Council on Foreign Relations), Jason Naselli and Alan

Philips (Chatham House), Homi Kharas, Dany Bahar and Merrell Tuck-Primdahl (Brookings Institution)

Chapter 5: Reections on migrants" contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation

Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo and Binod Khadria

Research Assistant: Michelle Nguyen

Chapter 6: Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities

Authors: Céline Bauloz, Zana Vathi and Diego Acosta

Research Assistant: Michelle Nguyen

Chapter 7: Migration and Health: Key issues, governance and current knowledge gaps Authors: Jo Vearey, Charles Hui and Kolitha Wickramage

Chapter 8: Children and unsafe migration

Authors: Jacqueline Bhabha and Guy Abel

Chapter 9: Human mobility and adaptation to environmental change Authors: Robert Oakes, Soumyadeep Banerjee and Koko Warner Chapter 10: Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation Authors: Nassim Majidi, Heaven Crawley, Lorenzo Guadagno and Camille Kasavan Research Assistants: Mélissa Cornet and Thomas Yeboah vWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 Chapter 11: Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to

World Migration Report

2018
Authors: Kathleen Newland, Marie McAuliffe and Céline Bauloz

Photographs

Chapter 1

Participatory video team recording their stories and messages of hope in Herat, Afghanistan. A group of 13

young Afghan women and men spent a week together in Herat to exchange experiences, direct and produce a

lm about migration. The initiative is part of IOM"s Global Migration Film Festival Participatory Video Project

to engage migrants and host communities in participatory lmmaking that strengthens social cohesion.

IOM/Amanda NERO

Part I

Many Venezuelans travelling through the continent do so by foot carrying their children and possessions.

Caminantes, or walkers, trek along major highways and through difcult terrain. They must go through mountainous areas where temperatures drop below zero and through scorching hot areas where water is

scarce. Many make this journey with just a light jacket, rubber ip ops and a small backpack with the most

essential items they manage to carry.

IOM/Muse

MOHAMMED

Chapter 2

Aerial view of internally displaced persons in Wau protection of civilians site, South Sudan.

IOM/Rainer GONZALEZ PALAU

Chapter 3

The Kutupalong Refugee camp near Cox"s Bazar, Bangladesh.

IOM/Muse

MOHAMMED

Chapter 4

Abdulai Adum, Mixammete Village, Central African Republic.

IOM/Amanda NERO

Part II

IOM shelters in Bakassi internally displaced persons Camp, Nigeria.

IOM/Muse

MOHAMMED

Chapter 5

Robeiro, an ex-combatant from an illegal paramilitary group in Colombia, carries harvested chili peppers.

Robeiro is one of 300 beneciaries of an income generation project implemented by IOM Colombia.

IOM/Diego SAMORA

Chapter 6

Burmese migrant worker in Bangkok.

IOM/Benjamin SUOMELA

Chapter 7

IOM Thailand"s Migrant Health Assessment Centre on Silom Road in Bangkok provides health screenings for

migrants who are about to migrate abroad.

IOM/Benjamin SUOMELA

Chapter 8

Children play at the playroom at the Processing Centre for Syrian families resettling to Canada.

IOM/Muse MOHAMMED

viWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Chapter 9

Bercy is the principal of an elementary school on Udot Island, Federated States of Micronesia. During the

typhoon, one of their buildings was severely damaged. The new building is used as a library for students.

IOM/Muse MOHAMMED

Chapter 10

Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (MEND) - Quezon City, the Philippines.

IOM/Charissa SORIANO

Chapter 11

The second workshop of the International Dialogue on Migration 2017 offered a global platform to

discuss and analyse migrants" vulnerabilities and capacities, guide appropriate policy, programmatic and

operational responses to address them, and enhance resilience through protection and assistance services.

IOM/Muse MOHAMMED

References

Chris"s mother is so happy to nd her son after he was separated from his mother and little brother during

their migration. IOM

Appendices

Ameerah and Anajia spend time practising their drawing skills after class (the Philippines).

IOM/Julie BATULA

viiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Table of contents

Editorial, review and production team

............iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................ Contributors ........................................................................

Photographs

List of gures and tables

...........................viii

List of appendices

Chapter 1 - Report overview: Providing perspective on migration and mobility in increasingly uncertain times ...........................1 Part I: Data and information on migration and migrants Chapter 2 - Migration and migrants: A global overview Chapter 3 - Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments ...............................53 Chapter 4 - Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions ................125

PART II: Complex and Emerging Migration Issues

Chapter 5 - Reections on migrants" contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation .........................161 Chapter 6 - Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities ........................................................................ ..........................185 Chapter 7 - Migration and health: Current issues, governance and knowledge gaps .....................209

Chapter 8 - Children and unsafe migration

....231 Chapter 9 - Human mobility and adaptation to environmental change Chapter 10 - Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation ..............................271 Chapter 11 - Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to the

World Migration Report 2018

Appendices

References ........................................................................ viiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

List of figures and tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.

Key facts and gures from the World Migration Reports, 2000 and 2020 .......................10

Chapter 2

Table 1.

International migrants, 1970-2019 ........................................................................

..21

Figure 1.

International migrants, by major region of residence, 2005 to 2019 (millions) ...............24

Figure 2.

Proportional population change by region, 2009-2019 ...............................................25

Figure 3.

Top 20 destinations (left) and origins (right)

of international migrants in 2019 (millions)

Figure 4.

Top 20 countries of emigration in 2019 (proportion) ..................................................27

Figure 5.

Inows of foreign nationals into OECD countries, permanent migration,

2000-2016 (millions)

.....................31

Figure 6.

Migrant workers by destination country income level, 2013 and 2017 ..........................33

Table 2.

Migrant workers, by sex and income level of destination countries, 2017 ......................34

Figure 7.

Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex, 2017 ............................................35

Table 3.

Top countries receiving/sending remittances (2005-2018) (current USD billions) ..........36

Figure 8.

Number of refugees by top 5 countries of origin as of 2018 (millions) ..........................40

Figure 9.

Number of refugees by top 5 host countries as of 2018 (millions) ................................41

Figure 10.

Number of refugees resettled by major resettlement countries in 2005-2018 (thousands) ..............42 Figure 11. Top 20 countries with the largest stock of internally displaced persons by conict and violence at the end of 2018

Figure 12. New internal displacements by conict and disasters, 2008-2018 (millions)..................46

Figure 13.

Major populations of stateless persons by top 10 reporting countries as of 2018 ............48 ixWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Chapter 3 -

Figure 1.

Migrants to, within and from Africa 1990-2019 .........................................................55

Figure 2.

Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Africa,

2009-2019 ........................................................................

..................................56

Figure 3.

Top 20 African migrant countries in 2019 .................................................................57

Figure 4.

Top 20 migration corridors involving African countries, 2019 ......................................58

Figure 5.

Top 10 African countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 ...........................59

Figure 6.

Top 20 African countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conict), 2018........................................................................ ...........60

Figure 7.

Migrants to, within and from Asia, 1990-2019 ..........................................................69

Figure 8.

Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Asia, 2009-2019 ...70

Figure 9.

Top 20 Asian migrant countries in 2019 ...................................................................71

Figure 10. Top 20 migration corridors from Asian countries, 2019 Figure 11. Top 10 Asian countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 .............................73

Figure 12.

Top Asian countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conict), 2018 ...........74

Figure

13. Migrants to, within and from Europe, 1990-2019 ......................................................86

Figure 14.

Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Europe,

2009-2019 ........................................................................

..................................87

Figure 15.

Top 20 European migrant countries in 2019 ..............................................................88

Figure 16.

Top 20 migration corridors involving European countries, 2019 ...................................89

Figure 17.

Top 10 European countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 ........................90

Figure 18.

Top 20 European countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conict), 2018........................................................................ ...........91

Figure 19.

Migrants to, within and from Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990-2019 ..................96

Figure

20. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Latin America

and the Caribbean, 2009-2019 .......97

Figure 21.

Top 20 Latin America and Caribbean migrant countries in 2019...................................98

Figure 22.

Top 10 migration corridors involving Latin America and Caribbean countries, 2019 ........99 xWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Figure 23.

Top 10 Latin America and Caribbean countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 .............100

Figure

24. Top Latin America and Caribbean countries by new internal displacements

(disaster and conict), 2018........................................................................ .........101 Figure 25. Migrants to, within and from Northern America, 1990-2019 .....................................107 Figure 26. Countries with the largest proportional population change in Northern America, 2009-2019 ...108 Figure 27. Main migration countries in Northern America in 2019 Figure 28. Top 10 migration corridors involving Northern American countries, 2019 ...................109 Figure 29. Numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in and from Northern American countries, 2018 ...........................110 Figure 30. Top Northern American countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conict), 2018 ........................................................................ ........110 Figure 31. Migrants to, within and from Oceania, 1990-2019 Figure 32. Countries with the largest proportional population change in Oceania, 2009-2019 .................115

Figure 33. Oceania migrant countries in 2019

116
Figure 34. Top 10 migration corridors involving Oceania countries, 2019 ...................................117

Figure 35. Numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in and from Oceania countries, 2018.............118

Figure 36. Top countries in Oceania by new internal displacements (disaster and conict), 2018........................................................................ .........119

Chapter 4 -

Figure 1.

Number of academic publications on “immigration" OR “emigration"..........................127

Table 1.

Examples of government funding of migration research ............................................129

Figure 2.

Number of articles published by selected journals in 2017 and 2018, by region ...........138

Figure 3.

Distribution of primary academic afliations of authors by selected journals in 2017 and 2018, by region ........140

Figure 4.

Impact Factor of selected journals ........................................................................

142

Table 2.

Top 10 articles with the highest Altmetric Attention Score for selected journals, 2017 and 2018 xiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020

Figure 5.

Distribution of numbers of views and downloads of 181 articles from 2017 and 2018, selected journals ..........145

Table 3.

Examples of key global material published in 2017 and 2018 ....................................146

Figure 6.

Downloads of World Migration Report 2018 compared with 2015 edition......................153

Figure 7.

Proportion of IOM research-related downloads by theme ...........................................153

Figure 8.

Proportion of IOM research-related downloads by region ...........................................154

Chapter 5

Table 1.

Factors inuencing immigrants" civic-political contributions .....................................169

Chapter 6

Table 1.

Summary of the main inclusion models ..................................................................189

Chapter 7

Figure 1.

The determinants of migrant health throughout the migration cycle ..........................212

Table 1.

Summary of main health concerns of selected migrant groups in vulnerable situations .215

Figure 2.

Global agendas for advancing migration and health goals .........................................224

Chapter 8

Figure 1.

Global migrants under 20 years of age ....................................................................236

Figure 2.

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