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TemaNord 2014:567

Joan Nymand Larsen and Gail Fondahl (eds.)

TN2014567 omslag.indd 126-02-2015 07:55:08

Report

TemaNord 2014:567

Arctic Human Development Report

Regional Processes and Global Linkages

ISBN 978-92-893-3881-3 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-3883-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-3882-0 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-567 TemaNord 2014:567 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2014 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Rudolf Riedlsperger

Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: ʹ00

Printed in Denmark

This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers.

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ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org

Content

Gail Fondahl and Joan Nymand Larsen

AHDR-II's

AHDR-II

Timothy Heleniak

4.Economic Systems ........................................................................................................

4.1Introduction ........................................................................

4.2Arctic regions ........................................................................

4.3General overview of the Arctic economy ...............................................................154

4.4The three pillars of the Arctic economy .................................................................164

4.5Variation in production around the North ............................................................169

4.6The economy and the well-being of northern residents .................................171

4.7The future of the Arctic........................................................................

..........................176

4.8Summary ........................................................................

4.9References ........................................................................

5.Governance in the Arctic: Political Systems and Geopolitics ..............................................

.....................185

5.1Introduction ........................................................................

5.2National political systems in comparative perspective ...................................188

5.3Levels of Arctic governance: local, regional and national ...............................194

5.4Geopolitics and governance among Arctic political communities ..............209

5.5Regional collaboration ........................................................................

...........................215

5.6Key conclusions ........................................................................

5.7References ........................................................................

6.Legal Systems ........................................................................................................

...................223

6.1The multiple legal orders of the Arctic ...................................................................225

6.2Developments in international law pertaining to Indigenous

peoples ........................................................................

6.3The delimitation of continental shelf boundaries between Arctic

states and the extended continental shelf entitlements of Arctic states ........................................................................

6.4Chapter conclusions and gaps in knowledge .......................................................248

6.5References ........................................................................

7.Resource Governance ........................................................................

.....................255

7.1Introduction ........................................................................

7.2Putting Arctic resource governance in a global context ..................................258

7.3Local resource management systems .....................................................................258

7.4From co-management to adaptive co-management? ......................................259

7.5Responding to climate change ........................................................................

............260

7.6Integrating knowledge systems in Arctic resource governance ..................260

7.7Case studies ........................................................................

7.8Conclusion ........................................................................

7.9References ........................................................................

8.Human Health and Well-Being ........................................................................

... 299

8.1Introduction ........................................................................

............................................... 299

8.2Health and well-being in the Circumpolar North ............................................... 300

8.3Continuing health disparities ........................................................................

............. 302

8.4Emerging issues ........................................................................

....................................... 310

8.5Changing quality of life ........................................................................

.......................... 315

8.6Application of the United Nations' Human Development Index

(HDI) to the Circumpolar Arctic ........................................................................

........ 318

8.7Including additional dimensions in the assessment of human development ........................................................................

.............................................. 322

8.8What can we learn about human development from different

community, regional, national, circumpolar studies? ...................................... 323

8.9Findings from studies assessing Arctic Human Development by a

number of key social indicators ........................................................................

............ 324

8.10Studies assessing Arctic human development by measuring subjective or community well-being/quality of life .......................................... 326

8.11Findings from studies assessing Arctic human development by

measuring subjective or community well-being/quality of life ................... 329

8.12Gaps in knowledge ........................................................................

.................................. 335

8.13Key conclusions ........................................................................

........................................ 339

8.14References ........................................................................

.................................................. 340

9.Education and Human Capital ........................................................................

.......... 349

9.1Introduction ........................................................................

............................................... 349

9.2Education and educational systems in the Arctic .............................................. 351

9.3Human capital and knowledge in the Arctic ........................................................ 365

9.4Summary and trends ........................................................................

.............................. 392

9.5References ........................................................................

.................................................. 394

10.Globalization ........................................................................

... 401

10.1Introduction ........................................................................

............................................... 401

10.2Globalization as a concept and its potential impacts on the Arctic ............ 402

10.3Economic globalization: local interests, external actors and

unstable markets ........................................................................ ..................................... 403

10.4Political globalization: are increasingly large scales of governance

both empowering and limiting? ........................................................................

........ 413

10.5Cultural and social globalization: potentially increased

differentiation at the same locality? ........................................................................

416

10.6Summary of major trends and gaps in knowledge ............................................ 419

10.7Acknowledgements ........................................................................

................................ 420

10.8References ........................................................................

.................................................. 421 11.

Community Viability and Adaptation ........................................................................

..............................427

11.1Introduction ........................................................................

11.2Community basis ........................................................................

11.3Community dynamics ........................................................................

............................443

11.4Community perspectives ........................................................................

......................461

11.5Challenges influencing community viability in the Arctic ..............................466

11.6Major trends ........................................................................

11.7Gaps in knowledge........................................................................

...................................471

11.8Conclusion ........................................................................

11.9References ........................................................................

12.Major Findings and Emerging Trends in Arctic Human Development ...........................

..........479

12.1Crosscutting trends ........................................................................

.................................479

12.2Policy-relevant conclusions ........................................................................

.................481

12.3Gaps in knowledge........................................................................

...................................492

12.4Conclusion ........................................................................

12.5Reference ........................................................................

AHDR Sammenfatning ........................................................................

Foreword

10 was led by the Stefansson Arctic Institute, which hosted the Secretariat supported by an Executive and Advisory Committee. In particular I would like to thank project leader Dr. Joan Nymand Larsen from Iceland and project co-leaders Dr. Gail Fondahl from Canada and Ms. Henriette Rasmussen from Greenland for their great dedication, efforts and skills in leading and coordinating this ambitious and challenging work. I would also like to thank the numerous lead authors and contributing authors who gave so generously of their time and expertise and without whom this volume would not have been possible.

In presenting the

, I acknowledge that the present report, like the first one, is an academic report and the fruit of a close and long-term collaboration of an extensive network of experts in Arctic sciences. Although the report reflects neither the poli- cies of the Arctic States nor the position of the Arctic Council, this report, like other scientific research reports can serve as an important source of valuable information to help deepen our understanding of human devel- opment in the Arctic. Furthermore, our role is to ensure that the work of the scientific community f eeds into public debate, whereas public policy is supported by a strong knowledge base. Improved understanding of our circumstances helps governments identify problems and strength- ens our ability to implement solutions aimed at supporting strong and sustainable communities in the Arctic.

Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland

Preface

12 with issues of human development and societal transformation in a time of rapid environmental, cultural, political, economic and social change. Discussion about producing a sequel to the first commenced in mid-2010. Once funding had been assured from the Nordic Council of Ministers, and dialogue initiated with the Arctic Council's SDWG, the Northern Forum, and other key organizations, a call for nomination of

Arctic experts to serve as

lead authors was disseminated widely via sev- eral Arctic electronic mailing lists. The call resulted in over 120 nomina- tions. From these names, the project lead and co-leads together with the Report's Executive Committee selected lead authors, using criteria of representation of all of the Arctic states, various academic disciplines, both genders, and balancing the desire to have a number of authors who had participated in the first with a number of new contributors. L ead authors, in turn, were responsible for recruiting contributing au- thors to offer further expertise. We aspired to have strong representation of Indigenous scholars among the lead authors. However, among the several invitations for- warded to Indigenous scholars, only one responded positively: others declined due to the many demands they face on other fronts. We then entreated lead authors to consider including

Indigenous scholars among

their contributing authors. Among the report's contributing authors are nine Indigenous scholars. To further address the desire for representa- tion of Indigenous perspectives, on advice of the SDWG's Permanent

Participants

, we sought to incorporate more Indigenous persons in the review of the report's chapters. Lead authors reviewed each other's chapter outlines; these outlines were also provided to the SDWG for review. Second stage drafts of the chapters were externally peer-reviewed, in a process handled by the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), whose help we gratefully acknowledge. Two or more scholars reviewed each chapter. The second draft chapters were also provided to SDWG for review. During the writ-quotesdbs_dbs33.pdfusesText_39

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