[PDF] DEATH AND THE KINGS HORSEMAN ?Analysis and Translation





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DEATH AND THE KINGS HORSEMAN ?Analysis and Translation

The poetic and solemn is concentrated in the Yoruba characters while the around the eleventh century and extending throughout six or seven centuries ...

Adriano Moraes Migliavacca

ʊAnalysis and Translation into Portugueseʊ

Porto Alegre

2018
2

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Instituto de Letras

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras

Estudos de Literatura

Literaturas Estrangeiras Modernas

ʊAnalysis and Translation into Portugueseʊ

Adriano Moraes Migliavacca

Orientadora:

Prof. Dr. Rosalia Angelita Neumann Garcia

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras do Instituto de Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção de título de Doutor em Letras Literaturas

Estrangeiras Modernas

Porto Alegre

2018
3 4

Agradecimentos

À minha orientadora Rosalia Angelita Neumann Garcia por me acompanhar já há tanto tempo em minha formação e aos membros da banca professora Eliana Lourenço da Lima Reis, Elizamari Rodrigues Becker e Lawrence Flores Pereira por gentilmente terem aceitado avaliar esta tese, ponto crucial de meu amadurecimento intelectual. À Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, por todos estes anos de aprendizado. Ao amigo José Ricardo Costa por trocas intelectuais e espirituais.

Ao Bàbálawo Ifálӑlá Ojétundé Awosanmi Fájobí Agboӑlá, por me guiar na minha Ìrìn-

àjò, e a todos os membros da Ҽgbҽғ Agboӑlá, pelas experiências que tivemos juntos.

À mana Ifáৢike ӐҒৢunbunmi Irewole Carol pelas trocas e aprendizados espirituais-

pessoais, de perto e à distância. Ao grande amigo Rodrigo de Lemos, pelas trajetórias paralelas ao longo de quase vinte anos entre poemas e ideias. Ao brother Jerônimo Cassol Soro, na fragilidade fora da sina.

À minha Eliane Fernandes Marques, Olùfҽғ mi, por um ano de amor, companheirismo,

muito auxílio, aprendizado e mais amor. Que outros venham!!! Enfim para a minha Ҽgbҽғ ӐҒrun àti Ҽgbҽғ Àiyé:

Umberto, Bàbá mi

Gisela, Ìyá mi

Carolina, Arábìnrin mi

Por terem gerado e moldado a pessoa que sou e que chegou até aqui, estando do meu lado mesmo quando as coisas pareciam perdidas, mas, acima de tudo, nos momentos de felicidade. e

A todos os membros da Ҽgbҽғ Migliavacca e da Ҽgbҽғ Moraes os que estão, os que

estiveram e os que estarão. 5

RESUMO

Na moderna literatura africana, poucos autores se destacam tanto quanto o dramaturgo, poeta, ensaísta, memorialista e ficcionista nigeriano, de origem iorubá, Wole Soyinka,

internacionalmente célebre e ganhador do Prêmio Nobel de Literatura em 1986. Soyinka é

conhecido sobretudo como dramaturgo, e seu teatro se caracteriza pelo uso de uma variedade de

gêneros literários, formas, linguagens extraliterárias, como a dança e a música, e outros recursos

relacionados à cultura iorubá. A obra de Soyinka, escrita em inglês, incorpora tanto elementos

das literaturas ocidentais quanto das africanas, e seu inglês é marcado pela constante visitação

da oralidade iorubá em provérbios, metáforas e fragmentos de poemas tradicionais assim como sua dramaturgia incorpora elementos do teatro tradicional de seu povo. Acima de tudo, seus

enredos, que incluem temas atuais como corrupção, lutas por poder e conflitos entre o indivíduo

e seu grupo, estão alicerçados na visão de mundo e cosmogonia iorubá, contendo ainda diversas

referências mitológicas e rituais. Em outras palavras, Wole Soyinka se caracteriza, antes de

tudo, como um escritor iorubá, cuja obra, cosmopolita em seus temas e conflitos, encontra suas

raízes e enquadramento filosófico na visão de mundo de seu povo. É nessa forte presença de

elementos iorubás que se encontra um dos maiores interesses das obras de Wole Soyinka para o

Brasil. Sabemos que, nos últimos tempos, está havendo uma considerável valorização de

elementos de origem africana presentes na cultura nacional, dentre eles, os encontrados nas

religiões de matriz africana, que se mostram verdadeiros repositórios de mitos e símbolos de

grande riqueza semântica. Tais mitos e símbolos presentes nessas religiões são majoritariamente

de origem iorubá. Ler a obra de Soyinka no Brasil, portanto, é buscar uma nova forma de se

relacionar com esses elementos e de valorizá-los em sua dimensão literária. Entre as peças de

Wole Soyinka, a mais conhecida é provavelmente Death and , publicada

em 1975 e com diversas realizações teatrais na Nigéria, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido. Baseada

em uma situação real na Nigéria colonial, em que um costume do povo iorubá entrou em

conflito com a ordem britânica, tal peça é aquela em que visão de mundo e mitologia iorubá

estão mais bem articuladas com uma linguagem rica em gêneros e fragmentos da literatura oral

iorubá, sendo particularmente proveitosa para uma aproximação cultural. Esta tese oferece uma

análise da peça baseada em noções da cultura, da mitologia e da visão de mundo iorubá e nas

teorias estéticas e metafísicas do próprio Wole Soyinka. Destacam-se nesta análise os aspectos

simbólicos, míticos e metafísicos, assim como os estéticos. Essa análise é precedida de um

estudo sobre dimensões da cultura iorubá importantes para o entendimento da peça, tais como

história, religião, mitologia, filosofia e artes. Em seguida, as teorias estéticas de Wole Soyinka

são estudadas sobre o pano de fundo das discussões literárias vigentes na África no período em

que Soyinka engendrava tais teorias. É a partir desses elementos que a peça é analisada. Acima

de tudo, esta tese oferece uma tradução de que busca valorizar

seu conteúdo lírico, suas várias linguagens e suas perspectivas filosóficas, com base nos estudos

que foram feitos nos capítulos precedentes, concluindo a tese com observações sobre o processo

de tradução. Palavras-chave: Wole Soyinka. Tradução Literária. Literatura Africana. 6

ABSTRACT

In modern African literature, few authors stand out as much as the Nigerian playwright, poet, essayist, memorialist, and novelist, of Yoruba origin, Wole Soyinka, internationally acknowledged as the winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Literature. Soyinka is known above all as a playwright, and his theatre is characterized by the use of a variety of literary genres, forms, extra-literary languages, such as dance and music, and other resources related to Yoruba culture. des elements from both Western and African literatures, and his English is marked by the constant presence of Yoruba orality in proverbs, metaphors and fragments of traditional poems as much as his dramaturgy embodies elements of the traditional theatre of his people. Above all, his plots, in such current themes as corruption, struggle for power and conflicts between individual and the community, are stippled on Yoruba worldview and cosmogony, containing as well many mythological and ritual references. In other words, Wole Soyinka characterizes himself, above all, as a Yoruba writer, whose work finds its roots and philosophical framework in the worldview of his people. It is in the strong presence of Yoruba elements in virtually all the ambits that we find one of the greatest interests -known that, in later years, there has been an increasing valuation and interest for elements of African origin in national culture, including those found in African-Brazilian religions, which are actually pools of myths and symbols of great semantic

wealth. These myths and symbols found in those religions are, in their majority, of Yoruba

val -known is probably , published in 1975 and with many productions in Nigeria, the United States and the United Kingdom. Based on an actual event that took place in colonial Nigeria, in which a Yoruba native habit conflicted with the British rule, this play is the one in which Yoruba mythology and worldview are best articulated with language that is rich in genres and fragments of Yoruba oral literature, being particularly fruitful for a cultural encounter. This dissertation offers an analysis of the play base on notions of Yoruba culture, mythology, and the symbolical, mythical and metaphysical, as well as aesthetic aspects. It is preceded by a study on important dimensions of Yoruba culture for the understanding of the play, such as history, heories are studied against the background of the current literary discussions in Africa at the time. It is from these elements that the play is studied. Above all, this dissertation offers a translation of Death that values its lyrical content, its many artistic languages and its philosophical perspectives based on the studies conducted in previous chapters and concluding with observations about the translation process. Keywords: Wole Soyinka. Literary Translation. African Literature 7

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 9

CHAPTER 1 ORISUN

(SPRINGHEAD)

The Land of Spreading 23

Oyo: Kingdom among Kingdoms 30

Yoruba ReligionThe Early Views 40

A Worldview and its Deities 46

Yoruba Worldview in Art and Spectacle 55

CHAPTER 2 ORITA META

(CROSSROADS)

The Position of African Literature 68

The Negritude Movement and Soyinka 73

The Burden and the Muse 84

A Yoruba Writer 89

Soyinka and the African World 93

Literature as Mythopoiesis 111

CHAPTER 3 OJA ATI ILE

(MARKETPLACE AND HOME)

The Horseman Staged and Read 118

Act 1 122

Act 2 136

Act 3 139

8

Act 4 145

Act 5 147

Discussion 154

CHAPTER 4 IKU ATI ELESIN OBA

(DEATH AND

Ato 1 180

Ato 2 200

Ato 3 213

Ato 4 226

Ato 5 244

CHAPTER 5 IRIN AJO

(JOURNEY)

Language Worlds 261

Act 1 264

Act 2 273

Act 3 279

Act 4 288

Act 5 292

CONCLUSION 302

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 307

9

INTRODUCTION

In 1986, the world saw the first Black author to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in the figure of the Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka. An author of plays, poems, essays, memoir books and novels, Wole Soyinka was paramount in the formation of modern African Literature, which cannot be conceived of without him. His works, written in English, mingle Modern, Elizabethan and Greek elements in structure, themes and

language, but there is no doubt that their trademark is what he brings of African oral

literature and traditional theatre. Primarily a playwright, with elements of these different

theatrical traditions, he developed a very original art to give to the reader more than a

picture, actually an experience of Africa. From this source also he has drawn an equally original theory of the African theatre. In addition to his reputation as a writer, he became well-known throughout the years as one of the most prominent spokespersons of Africa to the world as he has been a present figure in many countries discussing assorted issues such as poverty, corruption and religious intolerance. His acknowledgment in this field does not mean that, in the places he visits, his works tend to become well-known and well-read. Our case in Brazil can be used as an example: Wole Soyinka has been here a number of times, including in

2017 in Porto Alegre as the main invitee of the Book Fair. When he comes, he usually

arouses interest and is received with warmth. Nevertheless, there is, among us, only one of his books translated: the play The Lion and the Jewel, and one book-length critical study about his work: Pós-Colonialismo, Identidade e Mestiçagem Cultural: A Literatura de Wole Soyinka, by Professor Eliana Lourenço da Lima Reis, the result of a doctoral dissertation. It is not difficult to understand why such a situation occurs if we think about the general features of the works of Wole Soyinka. They tend to be difficult to read in their thematic and structural complexity. Such obstacles often prevent us from getting to know works that are of great importance and that include details and nuances of the historical, social, political and religious landscape of Africa. Indeed, Soyinka addresses all these dimensions in his works with a wealth of meanings and symbols that provides us with a picture of African society and culture that gets ever deeper as we keep on discovering it. 10 Soyinka is a Nigerian writer, of Yoruba origin. His works draw heavily on the reality of Nigeriaincluding many of his lyrical poems. Even the writings that provide no nominal indication of country or citysuch as A Dance of the Forestsshow evidence of being placed in Nigeria in details such as the names of the characters. Nevertheless its firm location in Nigeria, the works of Wole Soyinka aim to bequotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20
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