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TRANSLATING TERMS FOR RECONCILIATION IN THE TOUSSIAN NEW

TESTAMENT (BURKINA FASO):

BIBLE TRANSLATION AS A MEANS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

by

OUATTARA TOUA

(Student number:

2015338268

THESIS SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR

IN

BIBLE TRANSLATION

FACULTY OF THEOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE

BLOEMFONTEIN

SOUTH AFRICA

SUPERVISOR: PROF JACOBUS A. NAUDÉ

CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF CYNTHIA L. MILLER-NAUDÉ

EXTERNAL CO-SUPERVISOR: DR JEAN-CLAUDE LOBA-MKOLE

DATE SUBMITTED: 31 JANUARY 2020

iii

Abstract

This thesis examines the problem of inadequate terminology in Toussian, a language of Burkina Faso, for translating the biblical concept of reconciliation. Through a detailed analysis of the biblical terms for reconciliation and in -depth ethnographic analysis of the traditional social structures for reconciliation in Toussian culture, appropriate strategies are proposed for translating the biblical concept of reconciliation in Toussian. When the biblical texts relating to reconciliation are meaningfully translated in Toussian, it is then possible to propose a model for

Scripture Engagement

involving reconciliation as a means for social transformation. In this way, the Bible translator can be an agent for social change. The subject of reconciliation has become more and more important because of various conflicts that undermine the world.

In addition, it has become an issue in

many African communities such as the Toussian people, living in the south of Burkina

Faso, which need to understand well this

concept of reconciliation for real social change. For its theoretical framework, this research utilises the Structuration Theory of the sociologist Anthony Giddens. In translation studies, both Descriptive Translation Studies and the Functionalist Approaches emphasise the importance of taking into account the social context in which tran slation occurs. The recent sociological turn in Translation Studies emphasises the role of the translator as an active social agent in given social contexts, which is not always recognised or noticed by other social agents.

Structuration Theory provides a

framework for examining the Bible translation process in a holistic way and a more realistic way. It also highlights the fact that the social and the individual are in constant interaction. In addition, an understanding of the sociology of religion provides an important framework for considering the religious life of the Toussian people and the religious context of Bible translation.

Toussian society is

a headless society with leadership distributed among the "land chief," the "village chief" and the blacksmiths. It has both matrilineal and patrilineal lines; the matrilineal line determines inheritance of family property and also plays an important role in the solving of conflicts among clans. Reconciliation of social conflict involves restorative justice or punitive justice as determine d by the nature of the offense . Conflict resolution mechanisms involve an oral dimension (the rhetoric of mediators and negotiators), a ritual dimension (music, song, dance), and a traditional dimension (the founding myths of the community). iv

Toussian culture is predominantly non

-literate with a strong oral culture;

Biblical performance criti

cism thus provides a method or set of approaches for proposing a model for the implementation of oral Scripture engagement involving biblical texts with the theme of reconciliation in the Toussian area.

The biblical concepts of reconciliation are

examined through a study of the notions in the Old Testament and in the New Testament.

In the Old Testament,

there are various mechanisms for reconciliation, both between humans and between humans and the deity. In fact, there is no specific lexical term for reconciliation as in the New Testament. The Greek terms relating to reconciliation that are found in the

New Testament appear in the Septuagint

, the ancient Greek translation of the

Hebrew

Old Testament

, but the meaning is not fully developed as in the New Testament . In the New Testament, by contrast, the notions of reconciliation are expressed through a number of words. This study focuses on the differences between horizontal reconciliation (between humans) and vertical reconciliation (between humans and God) with special attention to an analysis of 2 Corinthians 5.18-21. This study established that the meaning of ɈȽɒȽɉɉȽɀɄ (reconciliation) when it refers to the vertical dimension involves the idea that God is ending enmity with humankind. The analysis of the terms for reconciliation in the New Testament demonstrates that the translation already made in Toussian translates well the idea of horizontal reconciliation but Toussian lacks lexical terms to render the concept of vertical reconciliation. The Toussian translators used expressions which have only a connotation of union for both kinds of reconciliation. It is proposed to use expressions relating to the ending of enmity or hostility to express the concept of vertical reconciliation in which there is the idea of a change of the situation. On the basis of the new translation, a model for the implementation of reconciliation within Toussia n society is proposed alongside the implementation of oral performance of biblical texts and songs utilizing the proposed reconciliation terminology to effect social change and cohesion. v

Keywords

Toussian language, Burkina Faso, Bible Translation, Translation Studies, Sociology of Translation, Descriptive Translation Studies, Structuration Theory, Biblical Performance Criticism, reconciliation, Scripture Engagement, social change, translation agent. vi

Acknowledgements

This thesis is the fruit of the concerted effort of many people whom I would want to acknowledge here and to whom I express my gratitude. My first words of thanks go to the Professors J.A Naudé and Cynthia Miller- Naudé, my doctoral supervisors. They have been very instrumental in what I have been able to produce today with their guidance and knowledge. Besides being supervisor s, they were more like mentors, and mother and father. In addition, I want to extend my gratitude to Dr. Jean -Claude Loba-Mkole, my external supervisor, for his advice and comments. I thank him for his contribution and his support.

I am very much indebted

to the Seed Company and the

University of the

Free State for providing a grant for my studies at the University of the

Free State. Because

of their financial support, I was able to pay all required fees for four years. ANTBA (Wycliffe Burkina) has been supportive in allowi ng me to undertake this study. I want to thank the leadership of this organisation and its personnel for their support and prayers. I am very grateful to my family for their support. Karidja , my, wife supported me with encouragements and prayers. She was always with me in the silent nights when I was writing this thesis. Landry and Benedicta, our children, have patiently put up with the absences of their father for study purposes. Various people have helped in one way or another. This thesis would not have been possible without the support of Dr Lynell Zogbo, Dr Samy Toye and Mme Niggli

Idda. In spite of their busy schedule

s , these persons received me several times in their offices and their homes to discuss my topic and provided me with useful insights and comments for my research. I express my sincere gratitude to the followers of the local church of zone 1 for their support.

I am grateful to the

University of the

Free State

community.

Merci beaucoup,

thank you very much, and anichee.

I am grateful.

vii

DEDICATION

Dedicated to Karidja, Landry, Benedicta and all those are working hard to provide the

Holy Scriptures in their mother tongue.

viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

1

First person

2

Second Person

3 Third Person

ANTBA Association Nationale Pour la Traduction de la Bible et l"Alphabétisation [National Association for Bible Translation and Literacy]

CONJ Conjunction

DTS Descriptive Translation Studies

FUT Future

LOC

Locative

LXX

Septuagint

NEG

Negation

NIDNTT

New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology

POSS Possessive

PREP Preposition

PROG Progressive

REL Relative

Sg Singular

TDOT

Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament

TDNT

Theological Dictionary of the New Testament

v. verse vol. Volume vv. verse

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: General Introduction..............................................................................................1

1.2 Background.........................................................................................................................1

1.3 The problem.......................................................................................................................2

1.4 Previous research...............................................................................................................3

1.5 Socio-cultural aspects of the Toussian Community........................................................6

1.6 Theoretical and methodological considerations of the study......................................11

1.7 Value of the study.............................................................................................................12

1.8 Ethics of research methodology......................................................................................13

1.9 Overview of the study......................................................................................................13

Chapter 2: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations................................................15

2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................15

Chapter 3: Sociological Landscape of the Toussian Community..........................................43

3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................43

3.2 Sociopolitical organisation of the Toussian community

3.5 Conclusion

4.4 Conclusion

Chapter 5: Notions of Reconciliation in the Old Testament.................................................82

5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................82

5.2 Overview of kȽɒȽɉɉȽɀɄ and its derivatives in the Septuagint.....................................83

5.7 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Analysis of the Concepts of Reconciliation within the New Testament..........101

6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................101

6.6 Conclusion

Chapter 7: Strategies for Translating Terms Relating to Reconciliation in Toussian.......140 Chapter 8: Implementation of Reconciliation within Toussian Culture............................162

8.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................162

8.3 Obstacles to implementation .......................................................................................................... 178

8.4 Conclusion

Chapter 9: General Conclusions...........................................................................................181

9.1 Summary of the study....................................................................................................181

9.2 Future research..............................................................................................................185

Bibliography

Appendix: Questionnaire for Semi-Structured Interviews.................................................199

xv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Linguistic map of Burkina Faso...........................................................................7

1

Chapter 1: General Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss introductory questions, focusing on the background to the study and then outlining a general introduction to Toussian culture and language. A general description of the problem of words for reconciliation in Toussian will be provided. This chapter deals also with the theory and method that will be used in this study.

1.2 Background

Two reasons motivate the present study: the degradation of society in general andquotesdbs_dbs27.pdfusesText_33

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