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MARY AND EARLY

CHRISTIAN

WOMEN

Hidden Leadership

Mary and Early Christian Women

Ally Kateusz

Mary and Early

Christian Women

Hidden Leadership

Ally Kateusz

Wijngaards Institute for

Catholic Research

Rickmansworth, London, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-11110-6

ISBN 978-3-030-11111-3 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966131

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication.

Open Access

This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if you modi?ed the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this book or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s), whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci?cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro?lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive license has been granted to the publisher. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci?c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional af?liations. Cover credit: San Gennaro Catacombs, Naples. Fresco of Cerula. © Societá Cooperativa La

Paranza - Catacombe di Napoli.

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For Arielle and Bella

In memory of Michel-Jean van Esbroeck, whose unexpected death in 2003 was followed by the even more unexpected disappearance of his completed manuscript edition of John Geometrician's Life of the Virgin. vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Years ago, I discovered

womenpriests.org with its layered sources about early Christian women clergy, a site that I have since learned has made a deep impression in the lives of many people, especially women seeking to better understand their role in their own church. It is with deep grat itude that I now thank the Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research in London, which manages the Web site, for assistance in making this book open access. I have many to thank. Massimiliano Vitiello was my toughest debate partner and due in part to his encouragement, early versions of some of the research in this book have already won awards including the First Prize Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza New Scholar Award,

Feminae

Article of the Month, and the First Place Otis Worldwide Outstanding Dissertation Award. Daniel Stramara, Jr., was my ?rst guide to early Christianity. Stephen Dilks helped me dig deep into the critical discourse analysis of the Six Books Dormition narratives, and Jeffrey Rydberg-Cox and Theresa Torres provided sources and other help. Mary Ann Beavis has been supportive in many ways, including as Chair of the National

Society of Biblical Literature Consultation

Maria,Mariamne,Miriam

where some of this research was initially presented. Mary B. Cunningham and Rachel Fulton Brown provided invaluable critiques. Luca Badini Confalonieri initiated and greatly augmented my research on Cerula and Bitalia. Deborah Niederer Saxon was an insightful sounding board from the beginning. Ann Graham Brock un?aggingly inspired me to sharpen my early arguments, especially related to the mother and the Magdalene. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hal Taussig provided important nuance to my discussion of ritual meals. A decade ago, Stephen J. Shoemaker introduced me to Michel van

Esbroeck's 1986 edition of the

Life of the Virgin

, and I wish I had been able to persuade him, during our debates prior to his own 2012 edition, about the validity of Mary of?ciating in its Last Supper scene. Many other colleagues provided valuable sources, questions, or suggestions related to one or more ideas, sections, or pieces of art, including Jeffrey Bennett,

Virginia Blanton, Jelena Bogdanovi

?, Sheila Briggs, Judith M. Davis, Paula Harrison, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Cornelia Horn, Susan Humble, Karel Innemée, Robin M. Jensen, Dickran Kouymijian, Maria Lidova, Matthew John Milliner, Linda E. Mitchell, Michael Peppard, Elizabeth Schrader, Kay Higuera Smith, Joan E. Taylor, Harold Washington, and John

Wijngaards.

Deborah Brungardt Alani, Chalise Bourquart, and Shirley Fessel aided in making the manuscript more accessible to readers, and Claus Wawrzinek provided excellent technical support for the images. I am especially appreciative of my Palgrave Macmillan editor, who contacted me after reading my 2017

Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion

article on women priests, Amy Invernizzi. Finally, I am deeply grateful for Jane Gilbreath, my mother and reader, and for my husband David Edward Kateusz, traveling companion and supporter for this work in too many ways to count. ix

CONTENTS

1

BackgroundandPerspective 1

Mary Magdalene and the Mother of Jesus

2

Mary, a Jew

3

Mary Remembered in the Extracanonical Gospels

5

Methodology

9

The Power of Bio-Power

10 Breaking the Box of Our False Imagination of the Past 13 2

MoreCollyridianDéjàvu 19

The Old Rule-of-Thumb:

lectio brevior potior 22
Redaction Analysis of Mary"s Liturgical Leadership 24

A Scene of Mary Exorcising Demons

27

Women Using Censers and Incense

29
Kernels of Historicity: Women Using Censers Liturgically 33
Redaction Analysis of the Markers of Women"s Authority 43
3

WomenApostles:PreachersandBaptizers 49

Assembling a Jigsaw Puzzle—The Apostle Mariamne in the

Acts of Philip

50

Sexual Slander as Evidence of Women in the Clergy

52

Irene, Apostle of Jesus

54

The Long Narrative About Irene"s Life

55

Male Re-Baptizers and the Apostle Nino

56
x CONTENTS

Irene Baptizes and Seals

57

The "Apostle" Thecla Baptizes and Seals

58

Dating Controversy: When Was the

Life of Thecla

Composed?

60

The Thecla Tertullian Knew

62

Cultural Context

64
4

Mary,HighPriestandBishop 67

Jesus"s Mother Versus 1 Timothy

68

Mary in Art: High Priest and Bishop

70

Mary with the Episcopal Pallium

81

Mary with the Cloth of the Eucharistic Ofciant

89

Women with the Cloth of the Eucharistic Ofciant

94
5

MotherandSon,Paired 101

Mother and Son Paired on Objects Used in the Liturgy 103
Dividing the Mother-Son Dyad: The Maria Maggiore Mosaics 112
The Mother-Son Dyad in Art Prior to the Council of Ephesus 120
Mother and Son Paired in Third- and Fourth-Century

Funereal Art

124
6

TheLife of the VirginandItsAntecedents 131

The Oldest Text of the

Life of the Virgin

135

The Annunciation to Mary in the Temple

138

Mary at the Baptism of Her Son

140

The Women at the Lord"s Supper

144

Partaking at the Temple Altar in the

Gospel of Bartholomew

145

Gender Parallelism in the Liturgy in the

Didascalia

Apostolorum

145

The Ritual of Body and Blood According to the

Apostolic

Church Order

146
7

WomenandMenattheLastSupper:Reception 151Female and Male Christian Presiders from the Second Century Onwards 151

Writings That Paired Male and Female Clerical Titles 153

Women Overseers or Bishops

154

Cerula and Bitalia, Ordained Bishops

156

CONTENTS xi

Historicity of Pulcheria Inside the Holy of Holies of the Second

Hagia Sophia

161

Female and Male Clergy at the Altar Table

in Old Saint Peter"s Basilica 164

The Ciborium in Old Saint Peter"s Basilica

167

The Altar in Old Saint Peter"s Basilica

169
Possible Identication of the Male and Female Ofciants at the Altar Table 172
Theodora and Justinian in San Vitale: Modeling Mary and Jesus at the Last Supper 175
Third-Century Evidence of Gender Parity at the Offering Table 178
8

ModesofSilencingthePast 183

Modes of Silencing the Past

184
Breaking the Box of Our False Imagination of the Pastquotesdbs_dbs27.pdfusesText_33

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