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BOCCONEA - 23

ISSN 1120-460

Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum

Editorial board and staff

Editor: F. M. Raimondo

Associate editor: W. Greuter

Editorial assistance: G. Domina

Editorial secretariat: M. Pace

Tecnical editing: G. Domina & G. Bazan

Design: G. Bazan & N. Surano

Editorial office

Redazione di "Bocconea"

Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche dell'Universita' Laboratorio di Sistematica, Fitogeografia ed Ecologia vegetale

Via Archirafi, 38

I-90123 Palermo, Italy

herbmed@unipa.it Printed by Luxograph s.r.l., Piazza Bartolomeo da Messina, 2/E - Palermo Registration at Tribunale di Palermo, no. 27 of 12 July 1991

ISSN 1120-4060

ISBN 978-88-7915-025-5

Copyright © by International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo, Palermo

BOCCONEA

Edited on behalf of the International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo by

Francesco M. Raimondo & Werner Greuter

BOCCONEA- 23

Proceedings of the XII Optima MeetingPisa, 10-16 September 2007

Edited by

Fabio Garbari & Gianni Bedini

Published under the auspices of OPTIMA

by the

Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum

Palermo - 2009

Contents

Communications

Brullo, S.: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of th e Mediterranean flora. Guarino, R., Addamiano, S., La Rosa, M. & Pignatti, S.: Impact of information technol ogy on future floras......................................................................... Blasi, C., Capotorti, G., Michetti, L., Rosati, L. & Smiraglia, D.: Landscape heterogeneity and

vegetation potential in Italy. ........................................................................

Spampinato, G.: Phytocoenotic diversity in Southern Italy. ........................................................

Benhouhou S. & O"Hanrahan, B.: Traditional use of plants in the Béni-Abbès region (NW - Algerian Sahara). ........................................................................

Caneva, G.: The Augustus botanical code: the message of the Ara Pacis. .................................

Martín, J., García, S., Garcia-Jacas, N., Garnatje, T., Hidalgo, O., Pellicer, J., Susanna, A.,

Vallès J. & Vilatersana, R.: Études palynologiques sur des plantes méditerranéennes: vision

d"ensemble et études concrètes sur les Astéracées..................................................................

Furnari, G. & Cormaci, M.: Floristic changes in the Mediterranean macroalgal flora Dell"Uomo, A. & Torrisi, M.: Freshwater algae and their use for safeguarding the Mediterranean basin......................................................................... Heywood, V.: Introduction: perspectives for economically important wild species an d neglect-

ed crops in the Mediterranean. ........................................................................

Hernández Bermejo, J. E.: Neglected crops of Al-Andalus.........................................................

Hoeschle-Zeledon, I., Padulosi, S., Giuliani, S. & Al-Haj Ibrahim, U.: Making the most of wild

and relict species - experiences and lessons. ........................................................................

Plitmann, U., Plammer, E., Hanus, L. & Cohen, O.: Domestication of native Mediterranean

spices with an emphasis on apiaceous condiments.................................................................

Posters

Aghababyan, M., Greuter, W., Mazzola P. & Raimondo F. M.: On the taxonomy and nomen- clature of Gnaphalium angustifoliumLam. and Helichrysum litoreumGuss. (Compositae). Ansaldi, M., Palla, M. F., Bedini, G. & Garbari, F.: Infraspecific variation in fragmented popu-

lations of Rhododendron ferrugineum(Ericaceae).................................................................

Domina, G. & Mazzola, P.: Notes on the genus Orobanchein Italy: 2. Taxa described by Gussone. ............................................................... Feoli Chiapella, L., Cusma Velari, T., Kosovel V. & Pellizzari L.: Karyological notes on some genera of

Genisteaefrom the Mediterranean region...............................................................

Gallo, L.: Sedum ser. Rupestria Berger(Crassulaceae): work in progress toward a checklist of taxa and their distribution......................................................................... Schicchi, R., Geraci, A., & Marino, P.: Genetic diversity on PyrusL. (Rosaceae) in Sicily. ..... Venora, G., Ravalli, C., Ruffini Castiglione, M., Cremonini, R. & Frediani, M.: Karyomorphological data as phylogenetic markers in species of Vicia subgenus..................

Kurtto, A., Uotila, P. & Sennikov, A.:

Alchemillain Mediterranean Europe as revealed by Atlas Florae Europaeae. ........................................................................ 7 19 25
33
51
63
79
85
93
107
115
129
145
157
165
177
187
203
207
213
221
Bonanno, G.: Impact of anthropogenic activities on riverine and coastal habitats in the Salso

river at the town of Licata (S Sicily).......................................................................................

Padrón Mederos, M. A., Guma, I. R., Santos-Guerra, A. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A.: Genetic resources of Atriplex, Salsolaand Suaedashrubby species from Canary Islands: a taxonom-

ic survey for agronomic purposes............................................................................................

Cristofolini, G., Galloni, M., Podda, L., Quaranta, M. & Vivarelli, D.: Visitor diversity and pol-

linator specialization in Mediterranean Legumes....................................................................

Gargano, M. L., Lantieri, A., Saitta, A. & Venturella, G.: The current state of knowledge of fun-

gal diversity in Sicily (southern Italy).....................................................................................

Saitta, A. & Venturella, G.: On the presence of Diplomitoporus lindbladiiand Phellinus

pseudopunctatusin Sicily (southern Italy)..............................................................................

Venturella, G. & Saitta, A.: Poronia punctata, a rare ascomycetes from Italy. ...........................

Bazos, I., Kokkoris, Y., Zikos, A., Andriopoulos, P., Delipetrou, P., Georghiou, K., Yannitsaros, A. & Arianoutsou, M.:The alien vascular flora of Greece: Floristic analysis and chorology. .......... Bosi, G., Mercuri, M., Bandini Mazzanti, M.: Plants and Man in urban environment: the histo- ry of the city of Ferrara (10th - 16th cent. A.D.) through its archaeobotanical records......... Dal Cin D'Agata, C., Skoula, M. & Brundu, G.: A preliminary inventory of the alien flora of

Crete (Greece). ........................................................................................................................

de Almeida, J. D.: Flora of the Beira-Duriense mountains (Portugal).........................................

Eichberger, C.: The vegetation of the Lousi valley (Peloponnesos, Greece): a geobotanical survey. .. Guglielmone, L., Gallo, L. & Guiggi, A.: The Italian "Succulent Flora": a taxonomical, choro-

logical and historical approach. ..............................................................................................

Bocchieri, E. & Iiriti, G.: Contribution to knowledge of the endemic vascular flora of the capes

and promontories of Sardinia (Italy). ......................................................................................

Jeanmonod, D., Gamisans J. & Schlüssel, A.:Flora Corsica: a New Field Guide to the

Corsican Flora.........................................................................................................................

Mercuri, A. M., Bosi, G., Olmi, L., Mori, Gianassi, E. & Florenzano, A.: Human-plant rela-

tionships in the Garamantian culture (Fezzan, Libya, Central Sahara)...................................

Nedelcheva, A., Pavlova D. & Tonkov S.: Bulgarian Serpentine Flora - a new thematic collec-

tion in the Sofia University Herbarium. .................................................................................

Isocrono, D., Bono, C., Rossi, G., Rampa, A., Savino, E., Valcuvia, M., Mangano, L., Santamaria, G. & Sartori F.: "Carta Naturalistica della Lombardia": a geographic information

system for managing and visualizing data...............................................................................

Rexhepi, F., Millaku, F. & Krasniqi, E.: Some species of Mediterranean floristic element in

Albanian Alps-Kosova.............................................................................................................

Vallianatou, I. & Yannitsaros, A.: Flora and vegetation of the island of Patroklos (Saronic Gulf,

Greece). ...................................................................................................................................

Toubal, O.: La flore de l"Edough (NE-Algérie): biodiversite, taxons rares, dynamique vegetale

et cartographie..........................................................................................................................

Bellani, L. M., Salvini, L. & Scialabba A.: Characterization of Brassica fruticulosaseeds....... Di Turi, A. & Paola, G.: First note about the management of exotic and native weeds on the

urban stone walls of Genoa (Liguria, Northwestern Italy)......................................................

Ocokolji, M. & Pavlovi N.: Effect of urban habitat on individual variation of horse chestnut Rosselló-Graell, A., Marques, I., Draper, D. & Iriondo, J. M.: Flowering and fruit set in a frag-

mented translocated population. .............................................................................................

Skoula, M., Dal Cin D"Agata, C. & Sarpaki, A.: Contribution to the ethnobotany of Crete, Greece. 237
253
261
267
273
277
281
285
301
317
337
345
353
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379
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479

Salvatore Brullo

Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the

Mediterranean flora

Abstract

Brullo, S.: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the Mediterranean flora. "

Bocconea 23: 7-18. 2009. " ISSN 1120-4052.

The author illustrates some criteria and techniques, adopted by the same in the taxonomic inves- tigations of genera belonging to the Mediterranean flora. Examples regarding some critical groups of Astragalus, Alliumand Limoniumare provided. It is argued that ecological observa- tions, a detailed caryological and morphological study, together with a precise and truthful iconography are essential needs for a correct taxonomic investigation.

Introduction

The Mediterranean flora is one of the most studied, but still presents many unsolved problems, due to the many critical genera or species complexes, which are still lacking of an exhaustive sys- tematic handling. The occurrence of several critical taxa is linked to the remarkable environmental heterogeneity and to the natural fragmentation of the Mediterranean lands, consisting of islands and peninsulas with a complex orography. Moreover, the detectable high variability among currently iso-

lated populations is often linked to palaeogeographic vicissitudes that may have joint and split these

populations several times during the last 5 Mio. yrs. The morphologic variability shown by several Mediterranean taxa has been often neglected or only superficially investigated by the many authors who did not have the possibility to observe the populations in the field and to examine many herbarium specimens sampled from the whole distri- bution range of a certain critical group. Basing on my personal experience, there are different techniques and criteria that should be adopted for the taxonomic investigation of the Mediterranean critical taxa, depending on the intrin- sic features of each groups. Some examples are provided in the following paragraph.

Astragalus

The first example regards the thorny dwarf-shrubAstragalus creticusLam., growing on the Cretan mountains. Until a recent past, all the known populations were attributed to the sole species

A. creticus. As a matter of fact, it is possible to recognize three distinctive types of such plant, which

differ from both the morphologic and ecologic viewpoint (Brullo & Giusso 2001, 2003). The pulvines of the typical A. creticusare characterized by a greyish colour given by the dense

hairiness of such species, which colonizes steep stony slopes on lithosoils. Instead, the populations

living on the floor of dolines are looking much greener, due to the scarce hairiness (Fig. 1). The ones

living on the easternmost Cretan massif, Afendi Kavousi, are clearly more thermophilous than the

other Cretan Astragalus populations, since they live at lower altitudes: even in this case, their leaves

are less densely hairy than the those of the typical A. creticus. The above mentioned ecological differences, together with at-first-glance impressions of the plant colour, raised a thorough morphological study of all the populations of the Cretan spiny Astragalus. It could be claimed that different ecological conditions are selecting different ecotypes within the same species, but the detailed morphometric and morphologic analysis revealed some more remar- kable differences among the three ecotypesŽ. The populations colonizing the bottom of karstic dolines have been described as a distinct species, A. dolinicolusBrullo & Giusso, which is clearly

different from A. creticusnot only for its ecological requirements but also for several features regard-

ing the leaves, bracts, flowers and legumes. The populations of Afendi Kavousi revealed closer rela-

tionships with the typical A. creticus, so they have been treated as a subspecies of the same:A. creti-

cus ssp. minoicusBrullo & Giusso. While A. dolinicolusis sympatric to A. creticus, of which can be

considered as an ecological vicariant adapted to longer snow-deck and deeper soils, the one of Afendi

Kavousi, being allopatric to A. creticus, is clearly a geographic vicariant of the same. Therefore, it

can be considered a schyzoendemism resulting from the splitting of a formerly continuous distribu- tion range, with secundary adaptation to more thermophilous conditions. Since all the spiny Astragalusare autogamic, there is no possibility of hybridization among them, so they should be considered as distinct species, at least in the case of sympatric populations. Like in most of the Fabaceae, the main diagnostic characters are found in the leaves, legumes and flowers. It must be noted that leaves and legumes can be studied on dried material, but the flowers must necessarily be examined while they are fresh. Instead, they can be preserved in isotonic solu-

tions, since not even the rehydration of dried floral pieces lets them acquiring the pristine shape (Fig.

2). Quality and details of the iconography are not accessorial tools, but extremely important compo-

nents in the taxonomical investigation.

8 Brullo: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the ...

Fig. 1. At the periphery of the karstic dolines in the Cretan massif of Psiloriti, specimens of Astragalus creticus(left) are often living together with Astragalus dolinicolus(right).

Bocconea 23 " 2009 9

Fig. 2. Comparison of flowers with bracts, standards, open calyces, stipules and leaflets of A. creti-

cussubsp. creticus(A), A. creticussubsp. minoicus(B) and A. dolinicolus(C). All drawings are based on fresh material (after Brullo & Giusso 2003, modified).

Allium

As already noticed by G. Don (1826), the very first monographer of the genus Allium,it is not pos-

sible to study garlics on dry specimens ( The genus Alliumcan only be studied satisfactorily from

living specimens; for, in Herbaria, the species of this genus, like other liliaceous plants, are seldom

found to retain their characters, so as to be recognised with certaintyŽ). Unfortunately, his suggestion

has not been followed by most of the subsequent monographers. Indeed, most of the diagnostic char- acters are in the very delicate flowers, which entirely loose their pristine morphology once dried. What G. Don said can be exemplified with the case of A. tenuiflorumTen. (Fig. 3): dried flowers are looking completely different from the fresh ones. The colour is nearly purplish instead of pink-

whitish; tepals are looking linear instead of obovate-elliptical and the corolla looks cylindrical, not

campanulate. The original iconography by Tenore (1811-1815) was clearly based on dried specimens

and this is confirmed in the protologue, where it is mistakenly declared corolla cylindricaŽ and

petalis linearibus acutis, apice revolutisŽ. As it can be seen from the photo of the living inflores-

cence (Fig. 3) tepals are not linear, nor curved at the apex, and the corolla is not cylindrical, nor pur-

plish (Brullo & al. 2002, 2003). A superficial diagnosis, together with an imprecise iconography, is often causing wrong informa-

tion on the species distribution and identification. Until recent times, A. tenuiflorumand allied taxa

have been often confused with A. pallens, or A. paniculatum, and the diversity shown by some pop-

10 Brullo: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the ...

Fig. 4. Geographical distribution of the Allium cupaniigroup. Dots are showing the investigated populations.

Fig. 3. Comparison of living (A), dried (B) and Tenores iconography (C) of inflorescences of Allium

tenuiflorumTen. from the locus classicus. ulations has been neglected. An accurate study on all the known populations of A. tenuiflorum (Brullo & al. 2002), led to the identification of two new species, A. apulum and A. diomedeum, together with a complete redefinition of the distribution range of A. tenuiflorum. Another example is provided byAllium cupaniiRafin., a species complex that I have been study- ing in the last 25 years, by visiting and sampling most of the populations where this species was recorded, in many Mediterranean countries (Fig. 4). In Fig. 5, some typical features in common to

all the species belonging to the complex Allium cupaniiŽ are shown, i.e. valves of the spathes par-

tially or entirely connate, erect at blossom, and bulbs covered by a network of reticulated fibres. Again, a detailed and truthful iconography represents an essential need for the precise taxonom- ical diagnosis: in Fig. 6, an old iconography of A. cupanii by Fiori (1923) is compared to a new

unpublished one, drawn by myself, basing on living material. In the Fioris drawing, clearly obtained

from a dried specimen, the reticulated fibres of the bulbs are evident, but many other important diag-

nostic characters are missing: such as the floral pieces, or the hairiness of the leaf sheaths. I consider the group of Allium cupaniia fascinating research theme, because of the many scat- tered populations and because of the great morphologic variability through them. The diagnostic characters are sometimes difficult to be seen, but they are highly constant in each population. They

include: size and shape of the flower, shape of the tepals, length of the stamens, tunics attached or

split at the base of the bulb, the occurrence of two or four bostryces in the floral umbel, that goes

with the fusion of the spathes: partially connate valves are always found together with four bostryces,

while entirely connate valves are normally associated with two bostryces, even if, more rarely, they may also occur with four bostryces (Fig. 7).

By the observation of these diagnostic characters, it is possible to identify five groups of species:

The cycle of Allium callidyction is including diploid species (2n=2x=16) with four bostryces and

partially connate valves. They are likely to be the most primitive and most of them are found in Turkey,

Iran, Iraq, with some extremely isolated populations in Calabria, Cyrenaica and Evvoia (Fig. 8A).

Bocconea 23 " 2009 11

Fig. 5. Details of living specimens of Allium cupaniigroup: umbel (A) and bulb (B) of A. cupanii s. str. from Madonie (Sicily); umbel (C) of A. pentadactylifrom Aspromonte (S Italy). The cycle of Allium balcanicum is including diploid species (2n=2x=16) with two bostryces and connate valves. Most of these species are found in the Balcanic peninsula and in Western

Turkey (Fig. 8B).

The cycle of Allium cupanii is including tetraploid species (2n=4x=32) with two bostryces and connate valves. Most of them are found, either, in southern Italy and North-West Africa (Fig. 8C). From the above-mentioned species it is likely to be derived the cycle of Allium antonii- bolosii including tetraploid-aneuploid populations (2n=4x=30) restricted to the Balearic Islands (Fig. 8D), to which, in addition to Allium antonii-bolosii, also Allium eivissianum is belonging (Miceli & Garbari 1987). Aneuploid populations (2n=2x=14) are also found within the diploids: this is the case of the cycle

of Allium hirtovaginatum, characterized by two bostryces, a sole valve and split tunics at the base of

the bulb. This group seems to be rather successful, because it stretches over most of the

Mediterranean basin (Fig. 9), particularly in coastal stony slopes or rupestrian sites, characterized by

a remarkable seasonal aridity. Their evolutionary success is probably related to the greater number of fibrous layers which protect the bulb against the dry climate conditions. The species complex Allium cupaniiŽ provides a fascinating example of adaptive radiation, combined with an east-westwards gradient of ploidy, which was highlighted for the first time by Garbari & al. (1979). The supposed phylogenetic relationships within the group are the following (Fig. 10): the common ancestor is likely to be Allium lacerum, from which the cycle of Allium cal-

lidyction is likely to be derived at first, with the loss of the cilia in the tepals. The evolutionary

chances of this group are seemingly exhausted. From Allium lacerum, throughAllium incisum, all

the other cycles are likely to be derived, with the aneuploid groups being the ultimate product of the

12 Brullo: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the ...

Fig. 6. Iconography of Allium cupaniis. str., on the left by Fiori (1923), on the right by Brullo (unpublished).

Bocconea 23 " 2009 13

Fig. 8. Distribution range of Allium callidictyoncycle (A), A. balcanicumcycle (B), A. cupanii cycle (C), and A. antonii-bolosiicycle (D). Fig. 7. Illustrative tables of the variability of some morphologic features in the Allium cupanii groups: Perigon (A), Detail of tepals and stamens (B), bulb tunics (C), bostryces (D) and spathe valves (E).

14 Brullo: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the ...

Fig. 9. Distribution range of Allium hirtovaginatumcycle. Fig. 10. Hypothetical phylogenetic relationships in the Allium cupanii group. adaptive radiation. On one side, through A. pseudolacerumand A. morimenicum, where ciliate tepals

are still present, the cycle of A. hirtovaginatum is derived. On the other side, the radiation passed

through the diploid cycle of A. balcanicumto the one tetraploid-euploid of A. cupanii and, finally, to

the tetraploid aneuploid of A. antonii-bolosii. Such evolutionary hypothesis is still waiting to be con-

firmed by molecular analyses, but I think that at the basis of any good molecular analysis there must

be a detailed caryological and morphological study, that must be conducted throughout all the pop- ulations of any investigated cycle.

Limonium

Another genus where the speciation through poliploidy, hybridisation, aneuploidy, and apomixis is well known is the genus Limonium. In this case, the morphologic variability can be well studied on dry specimens, but the observations on leaves and stems must be integrated with a detailed mor-

phometric analysis on the shape and size of the spikelet pieces, which, due to their small dimensions,

have been neglected in the past by many authors.

Bocconea 23 " 2009 15

Fig. 11. Iconography of Limonium roridum(sub

Statice rorida) after Sibthorp & Smith (1821).

16 Brullo: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the ...

Fig. 12. Iconography of Limonium graecumfrom locus classicus (Brullo, unpublished). The initiator of the modern trends in the taxonomic investigation of the genus Limonium have been Pignatti (1962, 1972). His analytical approach has been followed, among the other, by Brullo (1978, 1980), Erben (1978, 1993), Artelari (1984) and by Arrigoni & Diana (1993), so that at pres- ent the knowledge on the Mediterranean populations of the genus at issue are significantly improved during the last four decades and some old mistakes have been clarified. For example, the case of Limonium graecum(Poir.) Rech. provides a further proof on how a good iconography is a fundamental need in plant taxonomy. At the origin of the misleading regarding such species was the lack of any iconography, together a scarce knowledge on the old specimens on which the original diagnosis was based (lectotypification was never done until now). So it happened that name L. graecum in most cases has been mistakenly used by many authors for L. roridum(Sibth. et Smith) Brullo & Guarino. The latter, illustrated and described by Sibthorp and Smith (1821) being quite common in the Aegean region, like the real L. graecum. In Figg. 11 and 12, the differences between the two species can be well compared. In order to obtain an accurate and detailed iconography of Limonium specimens, I use to hydrate the spikelets and to fix leaves, spikelets and floral pieces on sticky paper, then, basing on such material, I prepare the drawings with the help of a microscope with camera lucida. An example of such technique is provided in Fig. 13, where an Istrian population of L.cancellatum (Bert.) O. Kuntze is examined.

Bocconea 23 " 2009 17

Fig. 13. Re-hydrated material of L. cancellatumon sticky paper (left) and iconography (Brullo, unpublished).

References

Arrigoni, P.V. & Diana, S. 1993: Contribution à la conaissance du genre Limonium en Corse. ...

Candollea 48:631-677.

Artelari, R. 1984: Biosistematiki meléti tou gènous Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) stin perioki tou Ioniou Pelàgous. ... Ph. D. Thesis, University of Patras. Brullo, S. 1978: Il genere LimoniumMiller in Cirenaica. ... Webbia, 33(1):137-158. " 1980: Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the genus Limoniumin Siciliy. ... Bot. Notiser 133:

281-293.

" & Giusso del Galdo, G. 2001: Astracantha dolinicola (Fabaceae) a new species from Crete. ...

Nord. J. Bot. 21:475-480.

" & " 2003: Taxonomical considerations of Astragalus creticusLam. group (Fabaceae) from

Crete. ... Israel J. Pl. Sci. 51: 307-313.

", Guglielmo, A., Pavone, P. & Salmeri, C. 2002: Osservazioni tassonomiche e cariologiche sulle specie del ciclo di Allium paniculatumL. in Italia. ...Inform. Bot. Ital. 33(2):500-506. ", Pavone, P. & Salmeri, C. 2003: Osservazioni citotassonomiche e corologiche su Allium tenuiflo- rum Ten. in Italia. ... Inform. Bot. Ital. 35(1):132-134. Don, G. 1826: A monograph of the genusAllium.... Mem. Werner. Nat. Hist. Soc.: 6. Erben, M. 1978: Die Gattung Limoniumim Südwestmediterranen Raum. ... Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.

München14:361-631.

" 1993: Limonium Mill. ... Pp. 2-143, in: Castroviejo S. et al. (eds.): Flora Iberica, 3.... Madrid.

Garbari, F., Greuter, W. & Miceli, P. 1979: The Allium cupaniiŽ group: a preliminary taxonomic,

caryological and leaf anatomical study. ... Webbia 34(1):459-480. Miceli, P. & Garbari, F. 1987: Allium eivissianum (Alliaceae), a new species from Eivissa (Balearic

Isles, Spain). ... Willdenowia 16: 383-390.

Pignatti, S. 1962: Studi sui Limonium, V. Note sulla sistematica delle specie iberiche di Limonium. ... Collect. Bot.6:293-330. ¾ 1972: Limonium. ... Pp. 38-50, in: Tutin T.G. et al. (eds.) Flora Europea, 3.... Cambridge. Sibthorp, J. & Smith, J.E. 1821: Flora Graeca, 3.... Oxford. Tenore, M. 1811-1815: Flora napoletana, 1.... Napoli.

Address of the author:

Salvatore Brullo,

Dipartimento di Botanica dellUniversità, Via Antonino Longo, 19, I-95125 Catania,

Italy.

18 Brullo: Criteria and techniques in the taxonomic investigation of the ...

R. Guarino, S. Addamiano, M. La Rosa & S. Pignatti

Impact of information technology on future floras

Abstract

Guarino, R., Addamiano, S., La Rosa, M. & Pignatti, S.: Impact of information technology on future floras. - Bocconea 23: 19-23. 2009. - ISSN 1120-4060. Some important facilities offered by the information technology to innovate the development of traditional floras are illustrated and discussed. These include: random access interactive tools for the identification of species, low cost, easy updating, virtually unlimited space for high res- olution images and texts, on-line utilities, strong synergy between authors and users. It is argued that the combination of printed books with integrated digital utilities and data-sources is the most desirable structure for future floras.quotesdbs_dbs28.pdfusesText_34

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