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PROJECT
FINALSYNTHESISREPORT
SUBMITTEDTO:THESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
SUBMITTEDON:MAY5,2015
SYNTHESISREPORT
2 T DREPRESENTTHEVIEWSOROPINIONSOFTHERESEARCH
PARTNERSGROUPORSTEERINGCOMMITTEEMEMBERS.
SYNTHESISREPORT
3Contents
3.7Genealogyfrom
3.10.4Religiousorspiritual
SYNTHESISREPORT
44.5ArrivaloftheRetiredTraders
.......90 6.13SYNTHESISREPORT
5 1277.2.3IntimateLook
SYNTHESISREPORT
6Map1:TheOttawaRiver/NipissingPassageway
SYNTHESISREPORT
7SYNTHESISREPORT
81 EXECUTIVESUMMARY
populationofformerNWCandHBCemployees. 1 communityis 2 3Aboriginal
ThesettlementofMattawaprovided
canoeandportagetrails, likelytranscendthesegeographiclimits.Europeans
nomadiclifestyle, century afterthe1760ConquestofCanada. and1821. 4Knownas
1 2 3 4People:MetisFamily,
SYNTHESISREPORT
9 the classesmaintainingmorelowlystations. 5 colonizersaroundRedRiverin1814. 6 distance. 7America
withinthepagesof withthemtoMattawain Fort212Ͳ
P0188.
51:298Ͳ300,P0189;Thomas
NahumMower,1819),4Ͳ5,P0190.
6UponaRecentPublication,
7 ofOntario(hereafterAO),A1643.SYNTHESISREPORT
10 theHBC.1. Thiscommunityisnotanisolatednorclosedcommunity.Itisadaptingthroughouttheperiod
understudyasmemberscomeandgo.2. Thekinshiplinkswithinthiscommunityaresignificant:89.92%,or1027ofthe1142people
framework,forexample).Wesee whostrategicallyassociatedwithone themselves. 83. ThecommunitylivesalongsidetheFirstNationPopulationinearlyyears,tradingwithFirst
theriseofthelumberindustry,4. Thefurtrade,firstwiththeNWCandlatertheexpandedHBC,wastheprimaryemployerofthe
mixedͲancestry fromfursacquiredinthewinter,Mattawafacility.
5. Diversificationfollowedasthetimberindustrysupersededthefurtradeasthedominantstaple
peoplebothtofarmandearnextraincome6. GuidingthenbecameaviableeconomicpursuitforsuchfamiliesonceMattawabecameabigͲ
7. ThefirstknownmixedͲancestryfamiliessettledinrelativecloseproximitytothe
HBCpost
98. MovementpatternsappeartobeuniquetomixedͲancestryfamilies.Thosewhotrappedon
8 9FinalReport(2012),50Ͳ1,P0192.
SYNTHESISREPORT
11 periodicallybetweenNovemberandApril. 10Movement,particularlyinthesummermonths
11Interestingly,theirsecond
touristsattheendofthenineteenthcentury.9. ThemixedͲancestrypopulationaroundMattawavaluedandpracticedCatholicrites.
Notable
suittheirpurposes.Thisreportreliessolelyonthewritten
theresearchteamfeelsthe 10 (hereafter,UWO),A1644. 11SYNTHESISREPORT
122 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 BACKGROUND
12Theseearlier
2.1.2 REPORTCONTENTS
geographicalscopeoftheresearch. questionsposedintheoriginalRFP. thestudyareaandactivitiesthey religioushistories. research. marriedinto). aspartofthisresearch. 12SYNTHESISREPORT
13 arestandardizedgenealogicalreports. finalreport.A electronicfilenames.FamilyTreeMaker:AFamilyTreeMaker
thedatafoundinFamilyTreeMakerbutare moreaccessiblewithopensourcesoftware.PersonsDatabase:ThisMSAccessdatabase
ExcelFormat
SocialNetworkAnalysis
includedinthefinalreport. notfeasible.Instead,thesourceusage source.2.2 TERMINOLOGY
oroccupiedthestudy area?" theproblematicSYNTHESISREPORT
142.2.1 MÉTIS
contexts. 13 standardizedterminology. during wasbeingspecificallyappliedtopeople - predominantlyofmixedFrenchͲCanadianandNative ancestry - whowerebeginningtodivergeas separateentityfromtheirparentalstocks. 14 15Whatseparatedthisgroupfromother
16 complexionandhybridphysicalfeatures,quicklybecameasobriquet - andperhapsevenatribal designation - usedbyothers:AlexanderRossmentionedthat"brulés"werepresentatNWCpostswestBrulés"weremore
13 14 Ortiz 15 16Uponthe
(London:JohnMurray,1817)17Ͳ8,P0255.SYNTHESISREPORT
15 17Thislatterusage
mixedͲancestrypeople 18 andlateraChiefFactor specificallyidentifiedassuch. 19 thenineteenthcentury. 20 selfͲascriptive amixedͲancestryindividualis 17 andCo.,1831),5,P0190.
18P0191;SamuelGale,
1817),44Ͳ5,81,P0199.
193M20,HBCA,
LAC,A1645.
20 ofCivilization,2007),96,P0200.SYNTHESISREPORT
16 times. whethertheybeFirstNation,Metis orInuit.2.2.2 THEFURTRADEMATRIX
Nor'Westersencouragedcountrymarriages - especiallytobenefittheirownbiracialdaughters - dependantsforemployment championtheirown"Countrymen"family2.2.3 SAUVAGE
andtheword consequencesofsuchatranslation. 21ofmixedͲancestrypopulations settlers, 22
21
FinalReport(2012),19,61Ͳ4,P0192.
22theinstitutionalCatholicChurchand,by conceptualmeanings.Whenamemberofthe tohaveadoptedand
SYNTHESISREPORT
172.2.4 FLUIDITYOFIDENTITYLABELS
"AlgonquinSB","Scotch",and"Algonquin" butby theenumerators.Thereisamétis
littledesire.ThesavagescalledthismanthemeanOjibway.
23theindividualhe
2.2.5 COMMUNITY
"communities"intheregion.TheStonecircle/KnowHistoryresearchteam
thatfamily,placeand 2423
lui,unpetitgarçonvintlaprendre.Nous 24
SYNTHESISREPORT
18 networksof interests. 252.3 GEOGRAPHY
withitsapexabove settlements(hubs)anddispersed andinstitutions,sharedsocioeconomic 26withatraditional trapping,logging,andhomesteading 25
26
SYNTHESISREPORT
19 thatpeopleareassociatedwithbutalsothe study. smallerwaterway - theeastern entrancetotheNipissingpassageway - andthenpaddledanother45 milestoitssource. 2727
1821,"in
SYNTHESISREPORT
20 28yearslater. 29
Canoesthen
3031
nineteenth fortwomilesviolentlydownbothsides completedtheremaining125 32
Aroundtripbycanoe
justtogooneway. 3328
29
Interior,
1930),101,128,P0155.
30P0210.
3132
WilliamsHarmon,SixteenYearsinthe
Society,1965),87,P0212.
33SYNTHESISREPORT
21ofharnessing 34
Contemporariesremarked
services,andthe1881 survival. 35Company(Toronto:
34WesternOntario(Toronto:
HunterRoseandCompany,1878),167,P0121.
35SYNTHESISREPORT
223 RESEARCHQUESTIONS
descriptions.3.1 ARRIVALOFEUROPEANS
Date RangeEventDescription
thebehestofSamueldeChamplain. birth theirstationswereStudyAreaforonlyafewweeksin
bythe1720sandremainedthereuntiltheConquestofCanadain1760.
SYNTHESISREPORT
234.1ofthisreport.
3.2 "MÉTIS"FROMEARLYCONTACT
academicdebate.Aspointedoutintheearlierliteraturereview,onegroupofscholars - previously headedby JacquelinePeterson - maintainedthatdistinctive"Métis"communitiesdevelopedaround 3637
Thestudyregion,which
individualsand 36Dans
Métis,
37SYNTHESISREPORT
243.3 ETHNOGENESISANDINͲMIGRATION
whatwereitsoriginsandwhatwasitstiming? economic,andreligioustiestoafurͲ and1821. 38watershed,whichthey lafaçondupays(accordingtothe companyofficersand 39
Itwaspreciselythisgroupofpeople,
40ageorvastdistance. 41
OttawaRiveras
earlyas1805).Seesection4.2,4.33.4 ETHNOGENESISELSEWHERE
Althoughalocal
3839
4Ͳ5,P0190.
4041
AO,A1643.
SYNTHESISREPORT
25Coulongewhile
Consequently,lessthanadecadelater,AlexanderSheriffobserved"anestofoldtradingpeople -French,or"BoisBrulées[sic]
Passe,Ontario).
4243
Seesections4.3,4.4,4.5
3.5 ETHNOGENESISTHROUGHMERGER
furtradematrixofthe keptbyRomanCatholicclergy 4.5 4243
SYNTHESISREPORT
263.6 NAMESOFMIXEDͲANCESTRY
ancestry. cases 44Formoreinformationandprimarydocuments
Productdeliveredwiththisreport.
theidentitylabelcolumn.Forexample,the 44SYNTHESISREPORT
27Person
IDSurname
GivenFirstRecordedintheStudyArea
LastknownPresenceintheStudyArea
Ethnicityidentifiedovercourseoflife
G0737Alarie
Elizabeth
19011921
FrenchFB,Indian,Algonquin
Antoine
MariePhilomene
18871904
AlgonquinFrenchHalfBreedͲditto
Antoine
MarieMagdeleineFrancois
18781903
Antoine
Elizabeth
18691917
FrenchͲditto,AlgonquinFrHalfBreed
G0590AntoineDavid18911911AlgonquinG0456
Atkinson
Elizabeth
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