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E-363

REPUBLIQUE TUNISIENNE

WATER SECTOR INVESTMENT LOAN

PRET AUX INVESTISSEMENTS DU SECTEUR DE L'EAU

SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

ANALYSE ENVIRONNEMENTALE SECTORIELLE

April 2000

---UURRINK

INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized

REPUBLIQUE TUNISIENNE

WATER SECTOR INVESTMENT LOAN

PRET AUX INVESTISSEMENTS DU SECTEUR DE L'EAU

SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

ANALYSE ENVIRONNEMENTALE SECTORIELLE

April 2000

INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

America Europe Africa

1436 Layrnan Street De Bongerd 31 B.P. 6584

McLean, VA 22101, USA 7041 GK 's Heerenberg. Netherlands Yaoundk, Cameroun Phone: 1 (703) 847 2604 Telefoon: 31 (314) 350 477 TIphone: (237) 30 53 37 Fax 1 (703) 847 2605 Fax :11.31 314) 666 040 Fac (237) 30 53 37 E-mail: buursink@aol.com K. van K. Enschede: 33256320 E-mail: eyete@camnet.cm I I Il

WATER SECTOR INVESTMENT LOAN

SECTORAL ENVIRONNEMENTAL ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1

I. POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL, AND LEGAL CONTEXT .2

A. Policy context

.2

B. Institutional context

.2

C. Legal context

.3 H. WATER SECTOR INVESTMENT LOAN (WSIL) .................................................. 4 A. Objectives of WSIL .................................................. 4 B. Components of WSIL ................................................. 4 mU. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF WSIL ............................6.....................6 A. Ecosystems and ecological regions of Tunisia .................................................. 6 B. Pressure on the natural environment .................................................. 7 IV. APPLICABLE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ..................................................9 A. Safeguard Policy 4.01 Environmental assessment .9

B. Safeguard Policy 4.04 Natural habtats .10

C. Safeguard Policy 4.09 Pest management .10

D. Safeguard Policy 4.11 Cultural property .10

E. Safeguard Policy 4.20 Indigenous people .11

F. Safeguard Policy 4.30 Involuntary resettlement .11

G. Safeguard policy 4.36 Forestry .11

H. Safeguard Policy 4.37 Safety of dams .11

I. Safeguard Policy 7.50 Projects on international waterways .12 J. Safeguard Policy 7.60 Projects in disputed areas .12 V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF WATER SECTOR INVESTMENTS ............................ 13

A. Indicative environmental impacts of irrigation development ............................................... 13

B. Indicative environmental impacts of ground water management ........................................ 15

C. Indicative environmental impacts of rural drinking water supply ...................................... 15

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR WSIL ...................................................... 16 A. Environmental management in the water sector in general ..16 B. Environmental management in irrigation development ..17

1. Studies and analyses required in irrigation development -soil resources .17

2. Studies and analyses required in irrigation development -water resources .18

3. Institutional/legal measures required in irrigation development .19

4. Public information required in irrigation development .22

C. Environmental management in groundwater management ..23

1. Institutional/legal measures required in groundwater management .23

2. Public information required in groundwater management .23

D. Environmental management in rural water supply .24 E. Synopsis of the Environmental Management Plan of WSIL .25 V]II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN OF WSIL .26

A. Institutional responsibilities for EMP implementation ............................................

26

B. Integration of EMP into project design .27

C. Cost estimate of EMP .............................. 28
D. Environmental monitoring of EMP .............................. 33

ANNEXES ................................

34

Annex 01 Abbreviations

Annex 02 Bibliography

Annex 03 Persons consulted

Annex 04 Mandate of the Ministry of Environment and Land Use Planning

Annex 05 ANPE -Decree 91-362 regulating EAs

Annex 06 Draft TORs for water resource studies

Annex 07 Min. of Agriculture participatory perimeter planning

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Project component -Irrigation Management ..............................................................

5

Figure 2 Project component -Groundwater Management .............................................................. 5

Figure 3 Project component -Drinking Water Supply ..............................................................

5

Figure 4 Bioclimatic regions and socio-agro-economic zones of Tunisia ............................................ 8

Figure 5 Environmental impacts of irrigation development and their mitigation ............................... 14

Figure 6 Environmental impacts of ground water management and their mitigation ......................... 15

Figure 7 Water availability and water use in Tunisia ............................................................. 17

Figure 8 Budget for regional environmental assessment of the Medjerda valley .............. ................. 19

Figure 9 Environmental procedures in irrigation management ........................................................... 21

Figure 10 Summary of CITET training activities in 2000 ............................................................. 22

Figure 11 Synopsis of the Environmental Management Plan of WSIL ............................... ................. 25

Figure 12 Institutional responsibility for implementation of the EMP of WSIL ............... ................... 26

Figure 13 Integration of the EMP into the project ........................ ..................................... 27

Figure 14 Cost of the EMP of WSIL ............................................................. 28

Figure 15 Budget for systematic rapid assessment of soil salinization in irrigated areas ........... .......... 29

Figure 16 Budget for systematic rapid assessment of other forms of soil degradation ......................... 29

Figure 17 Budget for a National Master Plan for Water Pollution Management .................................. 30

Figure 18 Budget for inventory of sources of water pollution ............................................................. 30

Figure 19 Budget for establishment of a national network to monitor water quality ............................ 30

Figure 20 Budget for role of Government agencies responsible for management of water pollution.. 31

Figure 21 Budget for re-use of treated waste water in aquifer recharge and irrigation ......................... 31

Figure 22 Budget for training of DGGR/DGRE staff in Environmental and Social Assessment ......... 32

Figure 23 Budget for review and update of environmental clauses in contracts ................................... 32

Figure 24 Budget to improve public awareness of and participation in EAs ........................................ 32

I I I

INTRODUCTION

This report' provides an environmental analysis of the Water Sector Investment Loan (WSIL) in Tunisia,

which is considered a sector environmental analysis in line with the sectoral nature of the project. The

report is based on brief field analysis and review of documentation on the environmental aspects of WSIL

available in the project files.

After introductory chapters, World Bank Safeguard Policies have been presented as a framework for the

analysis of the environmental impacts and preparation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

Safeguard Policies also constitute a basis to assess the significance of specific environmental impacts.

The impact analysis identifies the major direct and indirect environmental impacts of the project, but does

not explicitly identify social issues. The EMP addresses the major impacts and identifies concrete follow-up actions. However, the EMP is not only to ensure compliance with Safeguard Policies, but is also in response to other impacts. In

particular, the EMP includes actions designed to directly benefit environmental management of Tunisia's

water sector. The EMP also covers the implementation aspects: the institutional arrangements, budget estimates, and monitoring and evaluation of all proposed actions.

The report was prepared by John Buursink, environmental planner, under contract with the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the UN. The analysis was guided by Shobha Shetti, Economist, World Bank and Marc Bral, TCIE,

FAO. I I I

I. POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL, AND LEGAL CONTEXT

A. POLICY CONTEXT

The great importance attributed to environmental concerns by the Govermnent of Tunisia is best

expressed by the annual publication of a National Report on the State of the Environment. In the preface

to the 1998 edition of the National Report, the President of the Republic wrote: Our choices in environmental matters are founded on the general concept that we have of human rights. They are based on the balance between economic and social development, the integrity of ecological systems, and the needs of present and future generations. A sound environment is an essential condition for improving the living conditions of humankind and for attaining sustainable development, and complements the various aspects of our social policy.

The Government of Tunisia has also clearly demonstrated its will to preserve the national environment by

establishing a number of specialized environmental institutions and by preparing specific environmental

legislation.

B. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

Already in 1988, Tunisia began developing its institutional framework for environmental management with the creation of a National Environmental protection Agency (ANPE). In 1993, this development was further strengthened when the Ministry of Environment and Land Use Planning was created by

special decree (see Annex 4)2. The first article of the decree charges the Ministry with the following

tasks: "To propose, in collaboration with the Ministries and agencies concerned, the Government's policy in the areas of environmental protection and nature conservation, of improving living conditions, and of land use planning, and to monitor its implementation". "To promote legislation with regard to environmental protection, nature conservation, and land use planning through general or specific measures and by setting norms to maintain the natural balance"; "To conserve and improve the quality of the environment in general, the quality of life, the prevention, the reduction or the elimination of risks that threaten people, flora and fauna and the physical environmental aspects such as air, water and soils, to preserve and develop open space necessary for future generations and areas that allow for the development and wild species and natural landscapes." 2

Decret N° 93-303 du le Fevrier 1993 fixant les attributions du Ministere de l'Environnement et de l'Amenagement

du Territoire. 2 The Ministry of Environment now includes a number of key agencies such as ANPE, CITET, and ONAS. * ANPE (Agence National de Protection de l'Environnement) has specific responsibility o to decide for which projects an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required or a Summary Description (see Decree N 91-362 of 1991, regulating ELAs, in Annex 5 for details); o To prepare terms of reference for ElAs for each sector; o To examine and approve EIA and Summary Description reports; o To transmit to the promoter of a project and to the competent authorities a positive or negative decision with regard to the issuance of a permit. * CITET (Centre International des Technologies de l'Environnement de Tunis) was established in

1996 for

o Institutional strengthening through training, technical assistance, transfer of technologies and applied research; o Collection and dissemination of environmental information. • ONAS (Office National de l'Assainissement) is charged with o The fight against water pollution in special zones (urban, industrial and tourist areas); o The management, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of all urban waste water infrastructure; o The preparation of studies for and the implementation of waste water treatment facilities in rural areas.

In addition, important directorates exist in other Ministries with responsibilities for the management of

specific sectors of the environment. Examples of these are the Directorate of Water Resources and the

Directorate of Soils in the Ministry of Agriculture. Apart from the Government, a strong private sector of consulting fimns and NGOs is available to implement the enviromnental actions required.

C. LEGAL CONTEXT

Tunisia's national legal framework for environmental matters has three important characteristics: * It is well endowed by a regulatory basis for environmental assessments * The Ministry of Environment is in position to provide the necessary coordination in environmental legislation * Enforcement of environmental laws is strictly applied. Law #88-91 stipulates in Article 5 that an EIA be presented to ANPE before the commencement of any

industrial, commercial, and agricultural undertaking. Specific procedural regulations provide detailed

prescriptions for the classification of projects, the submittal, preparation and terms of reference of EIAs.

In addition, other laws and sector decrees also require the preparation of EIA-type studies, such as the

regulations with regards to the operation of quarries and borrow sites (decree 93-163), the Water law, the

Forest Law, and the Law on Land Use and Urbanization (Law #122-1994). 3

II. WATER SECTOR INVESTMENT LOAN (WSIL)

A. OBJECTIVES OF WSIL

The WSIL program seeks to improve living conditions in the rural areas of Tunisia through the promotion

of reforms and investments that will strengthen the irrigation sub-sector, help the Government get a better

handle on the management of groundwater resources, and provide better access to safe potable water for

rural populations. To this end, the capacity of the Government, WUAs, and private operators to efficiently manage water

resources will be strengthened, and conservation of water resources and protection of the environment

will be a priority. The WSIL will help give concrete content to the three main tenets of the new strategy

for the water sector 3 , namely (1) participatory demand management, (2) integrated management of ground and surface water resources, and (3) water conservation and environmental protection.

The sector-related CAS goals are to:

* Improve the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, mainly water, and the protection of the environment; and * Alleviate poverty, especially in rural areas.

B. COMPONENTS OF WSIL

WSIL has the following investment components:

-Irrigation Management (small and large scale rehabilitation), * Groundwater Management, * Water Resources Conservation and Environmental Protection, -Rural Potable Water, a Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building.

In addition to these components, a number of priority studies, including those to prepare a follow-up

phase have also been included in WSIL. A detailed description of each component is available in the

WSIL Project Appraisal Document.

Three key components might have potential environmental impacts; these are the Irrigation Management

(small and large scale rehabilitation), the Groundwater Management, and the Rural Potable Water supply

components. A summary description of the three key components is presented in the following tables. 3

Republique Tunisienne. Ministere de l'Agriculture. DGRE. Etude du secteur de l'eau. Orientations strategiques

du secteur de 1eau. Rapport definitif Groupement Bechtel Intemnational -SCET-Tunisie. Tunis, 1999. 4

Figure 1 Project component -Irrigation Management

Key Project Activities

Quantities

Construction of tube well-based irrigation perimeters -PI-FOR 56 perimeters, 3,000 ha Construction of irrigation perimeters using treated waste water -PI-EUT 8 perimeters, 580 ha Rehabilitation of existing irrigation perimeters -PI-FOR 40 perimeters, 7,800 ha Rehab. of existing irrigation perimeters using hot geothermal water -PI-EGT 14 perimeters, 2,100 ha Drainage installation on existing irrigation perimeters 3,700 ha Electrification of pumping installations and tube wells 28 stations Construction of flood control perimeters -AFD Sidi Bouzid Creation of watering points at pastoral routes 17 watering points Drilling of production bore holes for irrigation and water supply 25 Moderization of Medjerda Valley infrastructure -feasibility -KfW 3,000 ha Figure 2 Project component -Groundwater Management

Specific Project Activities

Quantities

Drilling of exploratory boreholes 3310 boreholes

Installation of piezometers

610 piezometers

Artificial groundwater recharge from surface water (1) from the dams of the North, (2) from lakes and retention dams, and (3) from dams in the Center Pilot artificial recharge activities from treated waste water in the Sfax area Strengthening of water management capabilities of MA

Figure 3 Project component -Drinking Water Supply

Specific Project Activities

Quantities

Provision of new drinking water supply systems 100,000 rural dwellers Rehabilitation of existing of drinking water supply facilities 5

M. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF WSIL

Project activities of WSIL will take place all over Tunisia, from ground water recharge in the North to

irrigation development in the oases of the south, and water supply in widely distributed areas. Essentially

all main ecological zones of Tunisia are implicated in the project. For a better understanding of project

interventions, a brief description of these ecological zones is given below.

A. ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF TUNISIA

There are seven major ecosystems in Tunisia: coastal, island, wetland, mountain, steppe, desert, and oasis. 4

Coastal and island ecosystem. Tunisia's 1200 km of coast gives it one of the highest coast/surface area

ratios in Africa. Eight major island archipelagos and several small islands are distributed along the coast.

Wetlands. Of the more than 100 permanent and temporary wetlands, many are of international importance. Each year more than 75,000 flamingos, 400,000 anatids (ducks) and 250,000 coots and

morehens use the wetland and coastal areas. The wetlands include 7 large marine lakes and more than 30

salt lakes (sebkhets and chotts). Several freshwater wetlands exist, including at least 1 permanent and

many seasonal lakes. Dar Fatma, a peat bog in the northwest, has many rare and geographically isolated

plant species. Mountain systems. Five major mountain systems contain most of the forest and endemic plants of

Tunisia. In the northwest the Khroumirie/Mogod mountain chains are the wettest part of the country and

barbary deer live in forests of cork oak Quercus suber, zen oak Quercus canariensis, and the rare Quercus afares. The High Tell and Tunisian Dorsal Mountain ranges shelter endangered Cuvier's

gazelles and hyena in Pinus halipensis/Quercus ilex forests. A few stands of the rare maple tree Acer

monspessulanus occur in the Tunisian Dorsal and thuya Callitris articulata a species with tropical affinities, is dominant in the forests of Bou Komine National Park. Mountains in the high steppes of central Tunisia and the Douirat mountains of southern Tunisia are dominated byJuniperus and other

species characteristic of degraded forests, in which aoudad (barbary mountain sheep) Ammotragus lervia

occur. Steppe. Vast areas are dominated by steppe vegetation.

The High Steppes near Kasserine contain the densest esparto grass (Stipa tennacissima) of the country

and a processing plant has been constructed to make paper from esparto fibers. Wild boar and hyena are

commonly found in the High Steppes. Low Steppes, east of Sidi Bou Zid and in the Kairouan area, are dominated by sage (Artemesia) and

Zizyphus lotus and the halophile vegetation of the many salt lakes distributed in the region. Threatened

houbara bustards nest in the low steppes. The last remaining remnants of the sub-Sahara type savanna dominated by Acacia raddiana trees are found in the Subdesertic Littoral Steppe at Bou Hedma. Addax, Oryx and Ostrich -exterminated in the

past century -have been re-introduced at Bou Hedma, and dorcas gazelles exist there and in the region of

Hamada. In the Subdesertic Continental Steppe, saga plains grade to Rhanterium and Arthrophytum plains -the former range of several species of ungulates.

4USAID. Scott D. Posner. Biological Diversity and Tropical Forests in Tunisia, Washington, 1988

6 Desert. Pseudo-forests of Calligonum comosum and the Grand Erg endemics Calligonum azel and Calligonum arich dominate the Sahara desert or Eastem Grand Erg. There are more than 2,500,000 ha of

Sahara type dessert in Tunisia; if desertic steppes are included the area is 4,000,000 ha. Vegetation

removal and wind erosion are increasing the desert area by 18,000 ha each year. Endangered slender

homed gazelles, the North African endemic gundi, and a wide variety of birds and herpes are found in the

desert.

Oases. Dispersed in the steppes and desert edges are more than 75,000 ha of oases. Intense cultivation

restricts the natural vegetation, but some rare plants do occur. Few mammals tolerate the high rate of

human activity in the oases, but the lush vegetation provides important feeding and resting sites for many

sedentary passerine and migratory birds.

B. PRESSURE ON THIE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

There is considerable pressure on the natural resources of Tunisia 5 .The pressure in the past century has been essentially the result of human influence, and is linked to: * Demographic pressure, which has multiplied by a factor five in that period, and * Economic pressure, which has increased by a factor of ten due to technological developments.

The concentration of these activities, sometimes associated with an inappropriate exploitation system, has

furthermore jeopardized the integrity of certain resources, in particular soils and aquifers, and endangered

their sustainable use. Two types of environment are particularly affected by overpopulation in Tunisia:

the mountain forests and the steppes. The mountain forests are degraded by cattle and human activity, a phenomenon that is in particular serious in the Tunisian Dorsal Mountain, especially in the Kroumirie-Mogods forests.

As for the Steppes, three types of overpopulation and concomitant pressure on the natural resource base,

can be distinguished: * Demographic overpopulation -resulting from lack of activity: located south of a line from

Thala to Skhira.

* Economic overpopulation -intense, but low productive agricultural activity: situated in the intermediary zone, in particular the regions of Mahdia and Kairouan.quotesdbs_dbs33.pdfusesText_39

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