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Medium-sized language communities face

competition between local and global lan guages such as Spanish, Russian, French and, above all, English. The various regions of

Spain where Catalan is spoken, Denmark, the

Czech Republic, and Lithuania show how their

medium-sized languages (a term used to dis tinguish them as much from minority codes as from more widely-spoken codes) coexist alongside or struggle with their big brothers in multilingual families. This comparative analysis offers unique insight into language contact in present-day Europe.

Albert Bastardas-Boada

, Ph.D. CIRB (Centre In ternational de Recherche sur le Bilinguisme), Université Laval (Quebec, Canada). Full professor of Sociolinguistics, and Language Ecology and

Language Policy, Department of General Linguis

tics, University of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain).

Coordinator of the Research Group on Complex

ity, Communication and Sociolinguistics (Socio complexity).

Emili Boix-Fuster.

Full professor of Sociolinguis

tics, Language Planning, and History of the

Catalan Language in the Departament of Cata

lan Language and General Linguistics, University of Barcelona. Director of the academic journal

Treballs de Sociolingüística Catalana

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini.

Full professor of

Italian Language and Literature, Department of

Modern Languages and Literatures and of Eng

lish Studies, University of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). She is specialized in Linguistics, Sociolin guistics and Didactics of the Italian language for foreigners as well as in the diaspora of the Italians in the world. He has taught several seminars and postgraduate courses in Spain, Italy, Argentina and Uruguay.li257li257

Studies in Language and Communication

Linguistic Insights

Peter LangAlbert Bastardas-Boada,

Emili Boix-Fuster,

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini (eds)

Family Multilingualism in

Medium-Sized Language

Communities

www.peterlang.com

ISBN 978-3-0343-2536-3

li 257

Albert Bastardas-Boada, Emili Boix-Fuster,

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini (eds)

Family Multilingualism in Medium-Sized

Language Communities

Medium-sized language communities face

competition between local and global lan guages such as Spanish, Russian, French and, above all, English. The various regions of

Spain where Catalan is spoken, Denmark, the

Czech Republic, and Lithuania show how their

medium-sized languages (a term used to dis tinguish them as much from minority codes as from more widely-spoken codes) coexist alongside or struggle with their big brothers in multilingual families. This comparative analysis offers unique insight into language contact in present-day Europe.

Albert Bastardas-Boada

, Ph.D. CIRB (Centre In ternational de Recherche sur le Bilinguisme), Université Laval (Quebec, Canada). Full professor of Sociolinguistics, and Language Ecology and

Language Policy, Department of General Linguis

tics, University of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain).

Coordinator of the Research Group on Complex

ity, Communication and Sociolinguistics (Socio complexity).

Emili Boix-Fuster.

Full professor of Sociolinguis

tics, Language Planning, and History of the

Catalan Language in the Departament of Cata

lan Language and General Linguistics, University of Barcelona. Director of the academic journal

Treballs de Sociolingüística Catalana

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini.

Full professor of

Italian Language and Literature, Department of

Modern Languages and Literatures and of Eng

lish Studies, University of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). She is specialized in Linguistics, Sociolin guistics and Didactics of the Italian language for foreigners as well as in the diaspora of the Italians in the world. He has taught several seminars and postgraduate courses in Spain, Italy, Argentina and Uruguay. li257li257

Studies in Language and Communication

Linguistic Insights

Peter Lang

Albert Bastardas-Boada,

Emili Boix-Fuster,

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini (eds)

Family Multilingualism in

Medium-Sized Language

Communities

li 257

Albert Bastardas-Boada, Emili Boix-Fuster,

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini (eds)

Family Multilingualism in Medium-Sized

Language Communities

Family Multilingualism in Medium-Sized

Language Communities

Studies in Language and Communication

Edited by Maurizio Gotti,

University of Bergamo

Volume 257

Linguistic Insights

PETER LANG

Bern

Berlin

Bruxelles

New York

Oxford

ADVISORY BOARD

Vijay Bhatia (Hong Kong)

David Crystal (Bangor)

Konrad Ehlich (Berlin / München)

Jan Engberg (Aarhus)

Norman Fairclough (Lancaster)

John Flowerdew (Hong Kong)

Ken Hyland (Hong Kong)

Roger Lass (Cape Town)

Françoise Salager-Meyer (Mérida, Venezuela)

Srikant Sarangi (Cardiff)

Susan Šarcevi´c (Rijeka)

Lawrence Solan (New York)

PETER LANG

Bern

Berlin

Bruxelles

New York

Oxford

Family Multilingualism in Medium-Sized

Language Communities

Albert Bastardas-Boada, Emili Boix-Fuster,

Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini (eds)

ISSN 1424-8689 ISBN 978-3-0343-2536-3 (Print)

E-ISBN 978-3-0343-2533-2 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-0343-2534-9 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-0343-2535-6 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b10505 © Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern 2019

Wabernstrasse 40, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland

bern@peterlang.com, www.peterlang.com

All rights reserved.

All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfllming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. Bibliographic information published by die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National-bibliografle; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at ‹http://dnb.d-nb.de›. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Support by the projects 'Globalization and social and family plurilingualism in medi um-sized language communities in Europe' (2013-15). and 'The (inter)generational evolution of bilingualizations: language contexts, maintenance and shift' (2016-19).

Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition.

Table of Contents

A B-B, E B-F

R M T-G

Introduction ........................................................................ ...................7 A B-B Mixed-Language Families in Catalonia: Competences, Uses and Evolving Self-Organisation .................................................15 X L G Narrative Discourse in Interviews of Linguistically Mixed Couples ....53

A L M M

Discourses on Language and Language Choice Among

Danish/English-Speaking Families in Denmark .................................77

H Ö

M H Monolingual Language Ideology, Multilingual Families and the Dynamics of Linguistic Diversity in the Czech Republic. Insights from Analysis of Discursive Practices in Research Interviews .............107 S M

Contact Between the Titular Language and the

Post-Colonial Language in Bilingual Lithuanian-Russian Families Within the Context of the Growing Role of English ..........147

B S J S

Family Language Policy in the UK: Identity Building and Language Maintenance at Home ......................................................165

6 Table of Contents

Efi B-F A P

New Speakers" Ideologies and Trajectories in Bilingual Families in Catalonia ........................................................................ .193

F B B

Language Uses and Linguistic Ideologies in

Mixed French-Catalan Families in Catalonia ....................................223

R M T-G

Mixed Couples in Catalonia: Intergenerational

Language Transmission and Language Use ......................................241 Thematic Index ........................................................................ .........311

Afifl B-B, Efi B-F R M

T-G

Introduction

When depicting multilingualism in the world, there has been a tendency among scholars and laypeople alike to employ simplistic dichotomies. Analysts, for instance, have focused mainly on the opposition between hegemonic and minority languages. As usual, however, reality is much more complicated and ambiguous. The current processes of globali- sation and internationalisation under modern capitalism, for exam- ple, show a nuanced scenario in which many medium-sized language communities (MSLCs) are striving both to maintain their languages in everyday communication and to use them in high prestige domains. As set out in previous work (Boix 2015, xi), “we dene MSLCs, mainly from the demographic point of view, as communities that speak languages which are not international languages, nor languages with a large number of speakers, nor (at the other extreme) minority languages or languages that are not widely spoken. In demographic terms, MSLCs are conventionally dened as languages spoken by between one million and 25 million people". Vila and Bretxa (2013, 3-4) have added some further distinctions to this denition: “The languages included in this intermediate group are far from homogeneous. They range from fully standardised languages with a long record of written literature, to varieties that have rarely transcended the status of oral vernac- ulars and tend to be regarded as dialects of other languages. Many of these languages enjoy some sort of ocial status in one or more countries and even in supranational institutions, while others have no legal protection at all. Some are widely used on the internet and for software facilities; others have only a marginal presence in the virtual world. Some of these communities are univer- sally literate in their language, whereas in others literacy is universally provided in a dierent language. Still others are far from literacy in any language at all. Many of these languages are used as a means of instruction in higher education; others do not even enter kindergartens. Some of these languages are hegem- onic in their communities" press, radio and television, while others only rarely

8 Albert Bastardas-Boada, Emili Boix-Fuster & Rosa Maria Torrens-Guerrini

enter these domains. In general terms, the majority of these languages are not considered to be in immediate danger of extinction, thanks to their demography and the advantages it provides, while some are seriously at risk. Indeed it would be erroneous to think that all these languages lead an untroubled life. Debates about the long-term sustainability of many of these languages may often be regarded as unrealistic by speakers and specialists alike. Nevertheless, in spite of all these debates, many of these languages, especially but not only those that have gained the status of ocial language in a nation state, constitute vivid examples of linguistic sustainability in virtually all domains of social life. This makes them appropriate for analysis in order to make progress in the eld of language policy." A fair amount of common ground has been found among these MSLCs: - There is no need for language shift in order to thrive economi- cally and socially. In other words, maintaining whatever sort of local languages does not necessarily hinder progress and welfare;

Most MSLCs use elaborate, complete languages;

- Linguistic sustainability may not require monolingual societies. Multilingualism tends to be the norm rather than the exception; and, - There are low expectations for the learning of medium-sized languages by other people. These characteristics, therefore, give MSLCs some homogeneity in terms of the problems and challenges they face. In this volume we address the issue of family language transmission in these comparable communities. Family language policy is a growing research eld, and an espe- cially interesting one in that it encompasses macroscopic and structural social aspects (mainly the uneven distribution of power in society) as well as microscopic aspects, namely emotional, psychological and per- sonal factors, which are not mutually impervious. The two rst chapters in the volume set out general transversal aspects of this subeld. The rst chapter, which is by Albert Bastar- das-Boada (“Mixed-language families in Catalonia: Competences, uses and evolving self-organisation"), analyses and critiques the exaggerated use of the concept “family language policy".

Introduction 9

Bastardas-Boada nds the very concept of family language policy to be awkward. Drawing on concepts from complexity theory, he introduces “self-organisation" and “emergence" to postulate the relative autonomy of families in their language choices. Thus, family agents are capable of determining for themselves the principles that will guide their own behaviour. Their cognitive-emotional impulses are very often more decisive than sheer calculation. Actually, a combination of three factors (personal linguistic aectivity, group identity, and perceived future utility) constrains customary language choices in the family. Xavier Laborda"s chapter, entitled “Narrative discourse in inter- views of linguistically mixed couples", identies and interprets dis- course markers of autobiographical storytelling. His analyses stem from semi-structured interviews with partners in bilingual families. Laborda"s theoretical frame follows the Bruner-Weisser model, taking into consideration the elements that refer to agents and their actions, to the sequence of events, to the canon or rule, and to the perspective of the storyteller. Thus, the study of storytelling processes in the interviewsquotesdbs_dbs29.pdfusesText_35

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