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OF HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY

IN THE

U

NITED STATES

INDICATORS

When will the U.S. close

the gap in higher education attainment by family income?

2016 HISTORICAL

TREND REPORT12%Bottom, 10%16%Second, 13%20%Third, 23%52%Top, 54%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

196519701975198019851990199520002005201020152020Distribution by Family Income Quartile of

Bachelor"s Degrees Attained by Age 24:

1970 to 2014

ThirdSecondBottomTop

The Pell Institute for the

Study of Opportunity in

Higher

Education

conducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income, rst generation, and students with disabilities. The Pell Institute is sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE). The Pell Institute shares the mission of the Council to advance and defend the ideal of equal educational opportunity in postsecondary education. As such, the focus of the Council is assuring that the least advantaged segments of the American population have a realistic chance to enter and graduate from a postsecondary institution. www.pellinstitute.org

The University of

Pennsylvania Alliance

for Higher

Education and

Democracy (PennAHEAD)

is dedicated to advancing higher education policy and practice that fosters open, equitable, and democratic societies. Drawing on the intellectual resources of the University of Pennsylvania and a global alliance of higher education and academic leaders, PennAHEAD achieves its mission by: creating knowledge, improving practice, and building capacity. Through engagement with policymakers, institutional leaders, scholars, and practitioners, AHEAD produces research and applies research- based knowledge to address the most pressing issues pertaining to the public purposes of higher education in the U.S. and across the globe. www.ahead-penn.org

CONTENTS

16

INTRODUCTION

Setting the Stage

18 EQUITY INDICATOR 1

Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education? 28 EQUITY INDICATOR 2 What Type of Postsecondary Educational Institution Do Students Attend?

38 EQUITY INDICATOR 3

Does Financial Aid Eliminate the Financial Barriers to Paying College Costs? 50 EQUITY INDICATOR 4 How Do Students in the United States Pay for College?

58 EQUITY INDICATOR 5

How Does Bachelor"s Degree Attainment Vary by Family Characteristics? 70 EQUITY INDICATOR 6 How Do Educational Attainment Rates in the U.S. Compare with Rates in Other Nations?

74 WHAT DOES IT MEAN

? THE SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS-SHARED

DIALOGUES ESSAYS

75
Reducing the Stratification of College “Choice"

By Laura Perna and Roman Ruiz 81 Eight Proposals to Help Inform Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act with a Focus

on Financial Aid By Tom Mortenson 88 Is Higher Education a Human Right or a Competitive Investment Commodity? By Margaret Cahalan, Khadish Franklin, and Mika Yamashita quotesdbs_dbs29.pdfusesText_35

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