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THE SAFE FOOD

IMPERATIVE

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SERIES

A strong food and agriculture system is fundamental to economic growth, poverty reduction, environ- mental sustainability, and human health. e Agriculture and Food Series is intended to prompt public discussion and inform policies that will deliver high er incomes, reduce hunger, improve sustainability, and generate better health and nutrition from the food we grow and eat. It expands on the former Agriculture and Rural Development series by considering issues from farm to fork, in both rural and

urban settings. Titles in this series undergo internal and external review under the management of the

World Banks Agriculture and Food Global Practice.

Titles in this series

?e Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2019) ?e Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land

Sector (2011)

Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Bene?ts? (2011) Gender and Governance in Rural Services: Insights from India, Ghana, and Ethiopia (2010) Bioenergy Development: Issues and Impacts for Poverty and Natural Resource Management (2009)

Building Competitiveness in Africas Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications (2009)

Agribusiness and Innovation Systems in Africa

(2009) Agricultural Land Redistribution: Toward Greater Consensus (2009) Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa: Learning from Reform Experience (2009) ?e Sunken Billions: ?e Economic Justi?cation for Fisheries Reform (2009)

Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook (2008)

Sustainable Land Management Sourcebook (2008)

Forests Sourcebook: Practical Guidance for Sustaining Forests in Development Cooperation (2008) Changing the Face of the Waters: ?e Promise and Challenge of Sustainable Aquaculture (2007)

Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries, Volume 2: Quantifying the Impact of Multilateral

Trade Reform (2006)

Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries, Volume 1: Key Issues for a Pro-Development

Outcome of the Doha Round

(2006) Enhancing Agricultural Innovation: How to Go Beyond the Strengthening of Research Systems (2006) Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trade-Os (2006) Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Investment in Agricultural Water

Management

(2005)

Agriculture Investment Sourcebook

(2005)

Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy (2004)

THE SAFE FOOD

IMPERATIVE

ACCELERATING PROGRESS

IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-

INCOME COUNTRIES

Steven Jaffee, Spencer Henson, Laurian Unnevehr,

Delia Grace, and Emilie Cassou

© 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / e World Bank

1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433

Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org

Some rights reserved

1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18

is work is a product of the sta of e World Bank with external contributions. e ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily re ect the views of e World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. e World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. e boundaries, colors, denomi- nations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of e World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or accep- tance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privi- leges and immunities of e World Bank, all of which are speci cally reserved.

Rights and Permissions

is work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution"Please cite the work as follows: Ja ee, Steven, Spencer Henson, Laurian Unnevehr, Delia Grace, and Emilie Cassou. 2019. ? e Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Agriculture and Food Series. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1345-0. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations"If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: ? is translation was not created by ? e World Bank and should not be considered an o cial World Bank translation. ? e World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations"If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: ? is is an adaptation of an original work by ? e World Bank. Views and opin-

ions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation

and are not endorsed by ? e World Bank. ? ird-party content" e World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. e World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. e risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to deter- mine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, gures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, e WorldBank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org.

I SBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1345-0

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1346-7

DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1345-0

Cover Illustration: ©JESS3. Used with the permission of JESS3. Further permission required forreuse.

Cover design:

Critical Stages, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested v

Foreword xi

Acknowledgments xiii

About the Lead Authors xv

About the Contributors xvii

Executive Summary xxi

Abbreviations xxxvii

Introduction 1

The Food Safety Context 1

Aims and Audiences 2

Study Methods 3

Structure of the Report 3

1. Why Safe Food Matters to Economic Development 5

Introduction 5

Food Safety and the Sustainable Development Goals 6 Understanding the Socioeconomic Impacts of Unsafe Food 7

The Food Safety Life Cycle 15

Summary 25

References 25

2. Evidence on the Burden of Unsafe Food in Low- and

Middle-Income Countries 27

Introduction 27

The Public Health Burden of Foodborne Disease 28

CONTENTS

CONTENTSvi

Economic Costs of Foodborne Disease 38

Food Safety Risks in LMIC Domestic Markets 43

The Costs of Domestic Food Safety Failures 48

The Costs of Food Safety Failures in Trade 52

Summary 59

References 59

3. The Status of Food Safety Management in Developing Countries 69

Food Safety Capacity 69

Factors That Motivate Food Safety Capacity and Behavioral Change 73

Benchmarking Food Safety Capacity 77

The Public Sectors Capacities for Managing Domestic Food Safety Risks 80

The Alternatives to Public Regulation 90

Enabling Smallholder Farmers to Be Food Safety Compliant 97 The State of Capacities for Managing Trade-Related Food Safety Risks 99 Moving toward Risk-Based Imported FoodControls 111

Summary 117

References 118

4. Strengthening Food Safety Management Systems 123

Introduction 123

Steps toward a More Effective Food Safety Policy Framework 125 Better Implementation: Moving from Policy toAction 134

References 154

5. The Way Forward 157

Conclusions 157

A Call to Action for Various Stakeholders 158

Priorities among Countries at Different Stagesofthe Food Safety

Life Cycle 165

Reference 168

Boxes ES.1 Recommendations for Stakeholders in the Food Safety Life Cycle xxxi

1.1 Food Safety and the Sustainable Development Goals 7

1.2 Market Failures Associated with Food Safety 8

1.3 Dietary Changes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 14

1.4 The Link between Supermarket Penetration and Income per Capita 18

1.5 Consumer Willingness to Pay for Food Safety 21

1.6 Personal and Institutional Trust in Food Safety Systems 23

2.1 Aflatoxins, Staple Crops, and Public Health 32

2.2 The GoodŽ and BadŽ Food Safety Practices of Consumers 35

2.3 Antimicrobial Resistance and Links to Food 36

CONTENTSvii

2.4 Estimating the Economic Burden of Foodborne Disease 39

2.5 Sudan Red Dye in Chili Powder from India 51

2.6 Brazils Tainted Meat Scandal 52

3.1 Food Safety Culture: What Happens When No One Is Looking 72

3.2 Food Handlers, Training, and Behavioral Change 76

3.3 Tackling Risks from Animal-Based Foods in Vietnam 87

3.4 Shifting Paradigms and Responsibilities in Food Safety Regulation 90

3.5 Limitations of Market-Based Incentives: Aflatoxin Controls in Kenya 96

3.6 Investing in Ukraines Food Sector to Secure New Markets 109

3.7 Training of Trainers: Bangladesh Aquaculture and India Spices 110

4.1 Food Safety Lead Agencies in Chile and India 126

4.2 Uruguays Risk-Based Approach to Strengthening Food Safety Controls 129

4.3 Prioritizing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Investments for Market Access 133

4.4 Professionalizing Food Inspectors and Food Service Industry Workers 135

4.5 How Singapore Formalized Its Street Food Businesses 139

4.6 Investing More Smartly and Sustainably in Laboratory Testing Capacity 140

4.7 Whole Genome Sequencing and Food Safety 142

4.8 Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses in Food Safety 145

4.9 Investing in Food Safety for Small Importing Countries: TheCase of

CARIFORUM 147

4.10 Gains from Multisector Coordination: The One Health Approach 149

4.11 Realizing Co-Benefits for Tackling Farm Food Safety Hazards 150

4.12 Indias Behavioral Change Communication Principles for Food Safety 154

Figures

1.1 Public Health, Economic, and Social Outcomes of Unsafe Food 10

B1.3.1 Composition of Food Expenditures in Urban Indonesia, 1998...2013 14 B1.3.2 Estimated Food Demand in Southeast Asia, 2009 and 2030 15

1.2 Food Safety Life Cycle with Levels of Economic Development 16

B1.4.1 Link between Supermarket Penetration and per Capita Income 19

CONTENTSviii

2.1 The Global Burden of Foodborne Disease, by Hazard Group and

Region,2010 29

2.2 Foodborne Disease Burden Attributable to Animal Source Foods,

byRegion 33

2.3 Productivity Loss from Foodborne Disease, by Income Group and Region, 2016 40

2.4 Productivity Loss from Foodborne Disease, by Country, 2016 41

2.5 Relative Burden of Foodborne Disease, by per Capita Income, 2010 42

2.6 Rejection Rates of Fish and Fishery Product Imports to the EU, by Lower-Middle-Income Countries, 2014...16 56

2.7 Rejection Rates of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Imports to the EU,

by Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2014...16 57

3.1 Food Safety Management Capacities and Functions 70

3.2 Cyclical Relationship between Incentives and Level of Capacity 75

3.3 Indications of Underinvestment in Animal Product Food Safety Capacity 82

3.4 Animal Products...Related Food Safety Capacity Index, by

CountryandRegion 84

3.5 Animal Products...Related Food Safety Capacity Index versus Food Safety

Management Capacity Need Index, by Income Group 85

3.6 Gap between Animal-Based Food Safety Need and Capacity,

byCountryandIncome Group 86 3.7 Foodborne Disease Attributable to Animal-Based Foods among Sub-Saharan African Countries with Adequate vs. Inadequate Veterinary

Service Funding 89

3.8 Smallholder Farmers, Agricultural Markets, and Varied Conformity

Requirements 98

3.9 LMIC Exports of High-Value Foods, by Product Group, 2001...16 100

3.10 High-Value LMIC Food Exports, by Income Group, 2001...16 101

3.11 LMIC High-Value Food Imports, by Product Group, 2001...16 112

4.1 Framework for Action on Food Safety 127

4.2 Reducing Noncompliance versus Raising Compliance 137

Tables

ES.1 Priorities for Countries at Different Stages of the Food Safety Life

Cycle xxxiv

CONTENTSix

1.1 Food Safety Hazards on the Farm-to-Fork Pathway 12

1.2 Sources of Foodborne Hazards, by Stage of the Food Safety Life Cycle 17

1.3 Structural Change and Incentives for Enhanced Food Safety Action 24

2.1 Estimated Global Burden of Disease, by Food-Related Hazards 29

2.2 Potential Market and Economy Costs from Food Safety Problems 49

3.1 Adequacy of the Finance for National Veterinary Services 81

3.2 Average Animal Source Food DALYs Burden, by Country Category and

Funding Adequacy 88

3.3 Training and Certification in Informal Markets: Selected Cases 95

3.4 Area of GLOBALG.A.P.-Certified Fruit and Vegetable Production, by Region

and Income Group, 2010 and 2017 102

3.5 GLOBALG.A.P.-Certified Area for Fruit and Vegetables in LMICs, 2017 103

3.6 Organic Production Area, by Commodity and Country Income Group,

2017 104

3.7 Certified Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production Area in LMICs, 2017 105

3.8 LMIC Food Businesses Registered with U.S. Food and Drug Administration,

January 2018 106

3.9 Processing Facilities Approved for Chilled and Processed Fish Exports to the

European Union 107

3.10 Largest LMIC Importers of High-Value Food, 2006 and 2016 113

3.11 Scores for Applying Transparent Rules and Practices for Agri-Food Imports in

Middle- and High-Income Economies 116

B4.2.1 Comparison of Uruguays Traditional and Risk-Based Inspection Approaches 129

4.1 Private Sector Food Safety Investments and Possible Constraints 143

B4.9.1 Case Study Costs and Benefits of Compliance 147

4.2 Evidence on Strategies for Aflatoxin Control in Kenyas Maize Market 148

B4.11.1 Win-Win Responses to Farm Food Safety Challenges 150

5.1 Priorities for Countries at Different Stages of the Food Safety Life

Cycle 167

xiEvery day around the globe, families and friends eat to provide themselves with essen tial energy and nutrients to lead healthy and productive lives, as well as for pleasure and comfort. Yet every day, on average, unsafe food makes close to two million people sick, keeping them from school and work, and sometimes dramatically degrading or curtailing their lives. Worst of all, foodborne illness disproportionately strikes populations that can least aord to be sick. Low-and middle-income countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa account for 41 percent of the global population but are aicted with

53percent of all foodborne illness, and 75 percent of related deaths.

Whether the consequences of unsafe food are measured in suering, dis- ability, and loss of life, orforegone income and wages, these personal and social costs are unnecessarily high. According to estimates from the World Health Organization, foodborne disease made some 600 million people sick and caused 420,000 premature deaths in 2010. Translated into economic terms using 2016 income data, illness, disability, and premature deaths induced by unsafe food lead to productivity losses of about US$95 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries.Unsafe food undermines food and nutritional security, human development, the broader food economy, and international trade. ?e Safe Food Imperative argues that much of the burden of unsafe food can be avoided through practical and oen low-cost behavior and infrastructure changes at dierent points along food value chains, including in traditional food production and distribution channels. In many countries, concerted action on domestic food safety has been sporadic and reactive, coming in the

FOREWORD

FOREWORDxiiwake of major outbreaks of foodborne disease or food adulteration scandals. Yet w hat is needed are sustained investments in prevention, including ones that build countries core competencies to manage food safety risks, and motivate and empower many dierent actors, from farm to fork, to act responsibly and with consumer health in mind. Drawing on experiences across the globe, the report highlights examples of eective food safety management. It calls for a higher prioritization of food safety, along with more investment in the development of coherent national food safety management systems in low- and middle-income countries. Governments do not and cannot have the sole responsibility for ensuring safe food"it is a shared responsibility. Public agencies, farmers, food businesses, and consumers all have constructive roles to play. Apart from more and smarter public investment in food safety, there is also a critical need for new regulatory approaches that place more emphasis on facilitating compliance and engaging consumers. Countries as diverse as Chile, India, Kenya, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Vietnam have demonstrated that better health and commercial outcomes are possible with the joint involvement of public agencies, businesses, and consumers in food safety. Individuals across income levels, age groups, and regions all need safe food, but food safety is also a national necessity. Countries need safe food to develop their human capital"to fuel a healthy, educated, and resilient workforce and to feed a vibrant economy. More and better investments in food safety are needed for countries to unleash their full potential to grow their economy inclusively and sustainably.

Annette Dixon

Vice President, Human Development, World Bank

Laura Tuck

Vice President, Sustainable Development, World Bank xiiie report team was led by Steven Jaee of the World Bank and involved a core te am of Spencer Henson (University of Guelph), Delia Grace (International Livestock Research Institute), Laurian Unnevehr (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), and consultants Emilie Cassou, Mateo Ambrosio, and Anissa Collishaw. Important contributions were provided by Arie Havelaar (University of Florida), Clare Narrod (Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland), and Vivian Homan (International Food Policy Research Institute); independent consultants Donald Macrae, Shashi Sareen, and Jairo Romero; and World Bank Group sta Franck Cesar

Jean Berthe, Sarah Ockman, and Kateryna Onul.

e report was made possible by generous funding from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. e team thanks the administration, particularly Mary Lou Valdez and Kristin Wedding, for their support and technical guidance. e report beneted enormously from collaboration with several other institu- tions; this included sharing restricted data and reports, without which impor- tant analysis in this report would not have been possible. Special recognition is given to the support provided by the World Health Organization and mem- bers of its Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group, and the World Organisation for Animal Health. Special thanks go to Amy Cawthorne, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Minh Li, and Francois Caya. e team also thanks the secretariat team at GLOBALG.A.P., Robert Ahern at the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, and Melvin Spreij and Marlynne Hopper

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxivof the Standards and Trade Development Facility for generously sharing info rmation and perspectives. e team thanks Nathan Belete and the Global Food Safety Partnership through Lystra Antoine for their guidance, and it recognizes the contribu- tions made by peer reviewers Sudhir Shetty, Selma Rasavac, John McDermott, Melvin Spreij, Paul Mayers, Chris Delgado, Ziauddin Hyder, and Julie Caswell to improve the quality of this report and its outputs. xvSteven Jaee is a lead agricultural economist with the World Bank"s Agriculture Global Practice. His research, policy, and investment project work over

26 years at the World Bank has spanned many themes, including food secu-

rity, food safety, agricultural risk management, agricultural policy, value chain development, and trade and standards compliance. He has ?eld experience in Africa and Southeast Asia. He has co-led major regional research projects on rice and food security, agricultural pollution, agri-food system transforma- tion, and agri-environmental measures in export industries. He has a BA from the University of Pennsylvania and a DPhil in agricultural economics from

Oxford University.

Spencer Henson is a professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural, and Resource Economics and director of the Guelph Institute of Development Studies at the University of Guelph, Canada. He is recognized internationally for his research on the economics of food safety, food quality, and nutrition in industrial and low- and middle-income countries. He has authored more than 90 peer-reviewed journal articles and edited three books. His research has involved ?eldwork in over 60 countries for international organizations, public and private sector institutions, and civil society organizations.

Laurian Unnevehr

is a professor emerita of agricultural and consumer eco- nomics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She has worked at the U.S. Department of Agriculture"s Economic Research Service, the International Food Policy Research Institute, and the International Rice Research Institute.

ABOUT THE LEAD AUTHORS

ABOUT THE LEAD AUTHORSxviShe has published extensively on the economics of food safety and other food

po licy issues, including the economics of hazard analysis and critical control points, food safety in international trade, new technology in food marketing, and the role of food demand in shaping food value chains.e Agricultural & Applied Economics Association made her a fellow in 2009 in recognition of her contribution to the economics of food policy and demand. She has a PhD from the Food Research Institute, Stanford University, and a BA in economics from the University of California at Davis.

Delia Grace

is an epidemiologist and veterinarian with more than 20 years of experience in developing countries. She leads research on zoonoses and food- borne disease at the Nairobi-based International Livestock Research Institute. Her research includes food safety, emerging diseases, gender studies, and animal welfare. Her career has spanned the private sector, eld-level commu- nity development, aid management, and research. She has worked in Asia and Africa, and authored or coauthored more than 100 peer-reviewed publications, as well as training courses, lms, articles, and blogs. She has worked at several universities, including University College Dublin, Edinburgh University, the Free University of Berlin, and Cornell University.

Emilie Cassou

is a sustainable food systems specialist working with both the Agriculture and the Environment and Natural Resources Global Practices at the World Bank. She has coauthored, managed, and contributed to various studies, multistakeholder processes, and projects on agri-environmental and climate policy, food system performance, and behavioral change in the con- text of dietary transition. She has degrees from Brown University, Sciences Po, the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tus University, and Columbia Universitys School of International and Public Aairs. xviiMateo Ambrosio is a development specialist with over 20 years of experience in the analysis, design, and implementation of public policies and projects in agri- culture and rural development. He has worked in Latin America, Africa, and Asia for multilateral and bilateral development organizations. He has a BA in economics and business management from universities in Spain and Germany and a European PhD in rural development and geography from the University of Cordoba and the University of Antwerp"s Institute of Development Policy. Franck Cesar Jean Berthe is a senior livestock specialist at the World Bank"s Agriculture Global Practice. A One Health practitioner, he works across the agriculture, environment, and public health sectors on health issues at the human-animal-environment interfaces. He is vice president of the World Organisation for Animal Health"s Biological Standards Commission. Before joining the World Bank, he headed the Animal and Plant Health Unit at the European Food Safety Authority. He has a DVM, a PhD in molecular taxonomy and epidemiology, and a Pasteur Institute diploma in bacteriology.

Anissa Collishaw

is an applied economist whose main interest is the nexus of food value chains, agriculture, nutrition, and strategies to reduce under- nutrition. She has an MS in food, agriculture, and resource economics from the University of Guelph. Her research primarily focuses on food safety and willingness-to-pay for nutritious food products in Canadian and international contexts.

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORSxviiiArie Hendrik Havelaar is a preeminent professor in the Animal Sciences Department of the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and the Emerging Pathogens Institute at the University of Florida. His research focuses on the epidemiology, risk assessment, and prevention of foodborne and zoonotic diseases. He is chair of the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group and leads the Animal Disease Management and Food Safety Area at the USAID-funded Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems. He is a member of the external advisory boards of the College of Public Health and Health Professions at the University of Florida and the New Zealand Food

Safety Research Consortium.

Vivian Homann is a research fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute. Her research focuses on how markets and institutions in develop- ing countries a?ect public health outcomes. She has conducted several studies investigating the role of markets in a?atoxin control in settings where regulatory enforcement capacity is limited. She led the ?rst randomized controlled trial testing the impact of a?atoxin on child growth. Her other areas of work have included the targeting of subsidies for preventive health technologies. Before joining the institute in 2013, she was an assistant professor at the University of Maryland and received a PhD in agricultural economics from Cornell University. She is associate editor of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Donald Macrae, a former civil servant in the United Kingdom reaching director-general level, has built an international practice in advising on how to make regulatory systems work. Since 2007, he has worked in some 30 coun- tries for private sector and international organizations, including the United Nations, World Bank Group, USAID, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the U.K. Department for International Development. His focus is on the implementation of regulatory systems, including those for food safety.

Clare Narrod

is director of the Risk Analysis Program at the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition and leads the institute"s monitoring and evaluation for capacity building. Before joining the institute, she worked at the International Food Policy Research Institute, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the FAO. From 1998 to 2000, she was an American Association for the Advancement of Science Risk Analysis fellow at the Department of Agriculture. She has a PhD in energy management and environmental policy, and an MA in international development and appropriate technology from the University of Pennsylvania. She has ?eld and teaching experience in Africa,

Asia, and Latin America.

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORSxixJairo Romero is a food engineer with 29 years of experience in food safety management and international trade. His focus is on strengthening national food control systems in accordance with international best practices and guide- lines. He is a Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance lead instructor on pre- ventive controls for human foods. He is the author of many publications and has been a presenter at over 100 international workshops and meetings. He has worked throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. He is a fellow of the International Academy of Food Science and Technology, and is a past president of the Colombian Association of Food Science and Technology and the Latin America and the Caribbean Association of Food Science and Technology. Shashi Sareen has over 30 years of experience in food safety, quality, and nutri- tion in the public and private sectors and with international organizations. From 2010 to 2016, she worked as a senior food safety and nutrition o?cer in the FAO"s Asia Paci?c Regional O?ce, providing support to countries on food safety and quality policies and legislation, food control coordination mecha- nisms, and inspection and certi?cation systems. Before that, she worked for the Government of India in various capacities, including director and chief execu- tive, at the Export Inspection Council of India, the Bureau of Indian Standards, and the Agricultural Produce Export Development Authority. She has also worked in the retail private sector. She has MAs in food and nutrition, and human resource and organizational development. xxiquotesdbs_dbs27.pdfusesText_33

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