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Disability-Inclusive Disaster RecoveryPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized

© 2020 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery

1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA

is work is a product of the sta of e World Bank Social Development Global Practice and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) with external contributions. e ndings, analysis

and conclusions expressed in this document do not necessarily reect the views of any individual partner

organization of e World Bank, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. Although the World Bank and GFDRR make reasonable eorts to ensure all the information presented in this

document is correct, its accuracy and integrity cannot be guaranteed. Use of any data or information from

this document is at the user's own risk and under no circumstances shall the World Bank, GFDRR or any

of its partners be liable for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suered which is claimed to

result from reliance on the data contained in this document. e boundaries, colors, denomination, and other information shown in any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of e World

Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

e text in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprot uses, without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. GFDRR's

Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source. Copies

may be sent to the Secretariat at the above address. No use of this publication may be made for resale or

other commercial purpose without prior written consent of the Secretariat. All images remain the sole

property of the source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source.

Acknowledgments

.... 2 Abbreviations ........................................................................ ................................................................... 2

Glossary

...................................................................... 3

1. Introduction ........................................................................

............................................... 4 2. Key principles ........................................................................ ............................................. 6 3.

Data for inclusive post-disaster needs assessment and recovery ...................................... 9

4.

Enabling policies and legislation for disability-inclusive recovery ................................... 13

5.

Institutional mechanisms for disability inclusive recovery .............................................. 15

6. Financing mechanisms ........................................................................ ............................... 17 7. Implementation arrangements ........................................................................ .................. 19

Contents

fiis guidance note is a result of collaboration between the Global Facility for Disaster

Reduction and Recovery and the Social

Development Global Practice at the World

Bank. fie document was written by Dr.

Alex Robinson (Independent Consultant)

under the coordination of a team including

Alice Mortlock (Disaster Risk Management

Specialist), Charlotte McClain-Nhlapo (Global Disability Adviser), Mari Helena Koistinen (Senior Social Development Specialist), Deepti

Samant Raja (Disability and Development

Consultant), Mare Lo (Senior Disaster Risk

Management Specialist), Nadia Islam (Program

Analyst) and Elad Shenfeld (Senior Disaster

Risk Management Specialist). Editing of the

document was done by Cheryl Toksoz. Graphic design was by ULTRA Designs, Inc. CRPD DPO DRF GFDRR ISO NRA NSO PDNA UN

UNICEF

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Accessibility

Disaster Recovery Framework

Disaster risk

Disabled persons' organization

1

Based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Article 9. https://www.un.org/disabilities/

documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf 2

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). 2015. “Guide to Developing Disaster Recovery Frameworks:

Sendai Conference Version." World Bank, Washington, DC. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/ffiles/publication/DRF-Guide.pdf

3

United Nations Oce for Disaster Risk Reduction terminology. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster-risk

4

Based on the World Health Organization"s International Classiffication of Functioning, Disability and Health. https://www.who.

int/classiffications/icf/en/ 5

GFDRR. 2015. “Guide to Developing Disaster Recovery Frameworks: Sendai Conference Version." World Bank, Washington,

DC. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/ffiles/publication/DRF-Guide.pdf 6

Based on United Nations Oce for Disaster Risk Reduction terminology. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/underlying-

disaster-risk-drivers

Functioning

Post-Disaster Needs Assessment

Reasonable accommodation

Underlying risk factors

Universal design

Glossary

1. Introduction

a.

Background

7

World Health Organization and World Bank. 2011. “World Report on Disability." World Health Organization, Geneva. http://

www. who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/ report.pdf 8

UN. 2005. “Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." Article 1. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/

convention/convoptprot-e.pdf 9

World Health Organization and World Bank. 2011. World Report on Disability. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://

www. who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/ report.pdf 10

Mitra, Sophie, Michael Palmer, Hoolda Kim, Daniel Mont, and Nora Groce. 2017. “Extra Costs of Living with A Disability: A

Systematized Review and Agenda for Research." Disability and Health Journal, 10 (4): 475-84. 11

Fujii, Katsunori. 2015. “fie Great East Japan Earthquake and Persons with Disabilities Affected by the Earthquake—Why Is the

Mortality Rate so High?" Interim Report on JDF Support Activities and Proposals. Japan Disability Forum, Tokyo. http://www.

12

Sudaryo, Mondrasrti K., Besral, Ajeng Tias Endarti, Ronnie Rivany, Revati Phalkey, Michael Marx, and Debarati Guha-

Sapir. 2012. “Injury, Disability, and Quality of Life aer the 2009 Earthquake in Padang, Indonesia: A Prospective

Cohort Study of Adult Survivors." Global Health Action, 5 (4). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.

v5i0.11816%40zgha20.2012.5.issue-s4

Long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or

sensory impairments, which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. 8 fie CRPD places emphasis on the barriers persons with disabilities face that contribute to exclusion from all aspects of life. In comparison to persons without disabilities, persons with disabilities frequently experience lower educational attainment; fewer work opportunities and lower household incomes; higher unmet health needs; and higher household expenditures on transportation and health. 9,10

Barriers also contribute to higher

rates of death and injury in disasters among persons with disabilities. 11

Disasters also

contribute new long-term injuries and increase disability in populations. 12

Post-disaster recovery presents the

opportunity to “build back better" and to reduce the underlying factors that contribute to disproportionate risk. Importantly, recovery and reconstruction processes that actively engage with and include persons with disabilities contribute to building more inclusive and resilient societies for all. b. Purpose

Disaster impacts are dependent on pre-existing conditions and underlying risk factors, including access to resources. A boy using crutches walking

in the Dadaab refugee camp in Somalia. Photo: Shutterstock.com

2. Key principles

a.

Disability-inclusive recovery as

opportunity 13

Hallegatte, Stephane, Jun Rentschler, and Brian Walsh. 2018. “Building Back Better: Achieving Resilience through Stronger,

Faster, and More Inclusive Post-Disaster Recovery." World Bank, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/

reconstruction 14

Banks, Lena Morgon, Hannah Kuper, and Sarah Polack. 2017. “Poverty and Disability in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A

Systematic Review." PLoS One 12(12). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189996

15

Hallegatte, Stephane, Jun Rentschler, and Brian Walsh. 2018. Building Back Better: Achieving Resilience through Stronger,

Faster, and More Inclusive Post-Disaster Recovery. “ World Bank, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/

reconstruction 16

Ditchman, Nicole, Kristin Kosyluk, Eun-Jeong Lee, and Nev Jones. 2016. “How Stigma Affects the Lives of People with

Intellectual Disabilities: An Overview" in Intellectual Disability and Stigma: Stepping Out from the Margins, edited by K. Scior

and S. Werner, 31-47. London: Palgrave MacMillan. b. Understanding disability c.

Intersectionalities

d.

Accessibility

17

Astbury, Jill, and Fareen Walji. 2013. “Triple Jeopardy: Gender-Based Violence and Human Rights Violations Experienced by

Women with Disabilities in Cambodia. Research Working Paper1, AusAid, Canberra. https://iwda.org.au/assets/ffiles/20130204_

TripleJeopardyReport.pdf

18 Pers. Coms. Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne. Publication forthcoming. 19

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Article 2. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/

convoptprot-e.pdf 20

UN. 2015. “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030." UN, New York. https://www.preventionweb.net/

ffiles/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf creating further barriers for persons with disabilities. Addressing barriers during recovery and reconstruction requires a holistic approach. fiis means that barriers are not addressed in isolation and the aim of removing barriers is clear; that is, to contribute to closing the gap between persons with and without disabilities. For example, building a ramp to improve physical access at a government oce is not enough.

Information in the oce needs to be accessible

and communicated appropriately. Likewise, staff need to be sensitive to the requirements of persons with diverse disabilities. All are needed if the services the oce provides are to be accessible. fie CRPD sets out two key accessibility principles:

Reasonable accommodation

Universal design

infrastructure as “unimpeded access for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstances." 21
e. DPOs 21

World Bank. 2017. “fie World Bank Environmental and Social Framework," page 46 World Bank, Washington DC. pubdocs.

identiffied by national-level DPO networks or departments of social affairs. Where DPOs are not present in a working area, persons with disabilities should be engaged in the recovery process with consideration to diversity, including gender, age, and disability type.

Summary and action points

Post-disaster recovery provides the

opportunity to create more inclusive and resilient societies.

Lived experiences of disability are diverse

and will vary according to type(s) of disabilities, gender, age, indigeneity, and household income.

Disability-inclusive recovery is

primarily concerned with creating equal opportunities for persons with disabilities through the removal of barriers.

Barriers are not just physical and should

be addressed holistically.

DPOs are key allies for ensuring

disability inclusion and should be engaged throughout the recovery and reconstruction process. Growing awareness of disability inclusion is increasing demand for DPO engagement. These pressures may be amplied in a post-disaster context. It is essential that persons with disabilities, and their representative organizations, are consulted and

involved in all stages of recovery. However, disability inclusion is a responsibility shared by all recovery

stakeholders. Accountability for disability inclusion must not be placed on the shoulders of DPOs alon

e.

During a recovery process, DPOs may be operating outside their normal area of work. The ways in which

DPOs can be resourced to contribute to recovery and reconstruction require consideration. The role of DPOs in recovery and reconstruction will depend on available DPO capacities and capabil ities. DPO roles may include facilitation, training of recovery personnel, technical guidance and support, monitoring and accessibility audits, and direct implementation of recovery programming.

Box 1. Considerations: DPO engagement

a.

Disability data and sources

22

UNESCAP. 2019. “Disability at a Glance 2019: Investing in Accessibility in Asia and the Paciffic." Bangkok, United Nations

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Paciffic. https://www.unescap.org/publications/disability-glance-2019

23

Berghs, Maria. 2015. “Radicalising ‘Disability" in Conict and Post-Conict Situations." Disability & Society 30(5): 743-58.

24

Robles, Cindy Patricia Quijada, and Melody Benvidez. 2018. “Gender Equality and Women"s Empowerment in Disaster

Recovery: Disaster Recovery Guidance Note." GFDRR, Washington, DC. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/ffiles/publication/

gender-equality-disaster-recovery.PDF 25
World Health Organization Model Disability Survey. https://www.who.int/disabilities/data/mds/en/ 26

World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. https://www.who.int/classiffications/icf/whodasii/en/

27
UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. https://mics.unicef.org/

If disability data has not been collected in

the PDNA, a rapid survey may need to be conducted to establish a baseline. National or local, statistical oces may be appointed as the lead agency and should be appropriately resourced. Departments of health and social affairs may have access to community workers that can assist in data collection. Data on the number of persons with disabilities may also be available from existing sources; however, each has limitations.

Population and household surveys

Administrative data

3.

Data for inclusive post-disaster needs assessment

and recovery management information systems or be available for persons with disabilities receiving disability beneffits or social insurance. fiis data may contain identiffiable information, including addresses. However, there may be legal restrictions and privacy considerations on what data can be shared. Administrative data only includes individuals with disabilities who are accessing a service and not the wider population of persons with disabilities.

Key informants

28
See: http://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/about/history/#note-808-1 29

Washington Group Extended Set, see: http://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/washington-group-question-sets/extended-

set-of-disability-questions/ 30
UNICEF Module on Child Functioning, see: https://data.unicef.org/resources/module-child-functioning/ 31

Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2019. “Guidelines: Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action."

Inter-Agency Standing Committee, New York. https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/iasc-task-team-inclusion-persons-

32

Government of Sri Lanka. 2017. “Post-Disaster Recovery Plan: Sri Lanka Floods and Landslides." May. https://reliefweb.int/sites/

33

See: http://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/

34

Tiberti, Marco, and Valentina Costa. 2020. “Disability Measurement in Household Surveys: A Guidebook for Designing

Household Survey Questionnaires." World Bank, Washington DC. http://surveys.worldbank.org/publications/disability-

b.

Measurement tools: the

Washington Group Questions

The Washington Group short set of questions

on disability

Do you have diculty seeing, even if wearing

glasses?

Do you have diculty hearing, even if using a

hearing aid?

Do you have diculty walking or climbing

steps?

Do you have diculty remembering or concen

trating?

Do you have diculty (with self-care such as)

washing all over or dressing?

Using your usual (customary) language, do you

have diculty communicating, for example understanding or being understood?

Responses to the above questions

No diculty

Yes, some diculty

Yes, a lot of diculty

Cannot do at all

The Washington Group questions are

not designed to identify all persons with disabilities . The identication of persons with disabilities should be ongoing throughout the recovery process.

The Washington Group Short Set will identify

some persons with intellectual disabilities. The extended set of questions has additional questions to improve the identication of persons with intellectual disabilities or cognitive diculties. The Extended Set is available from the Washington Group website.

The Washington Group questions d

o not identify impairments or health conditions.

However, the questions can be used as

a screening tool for referral for medical assessment to ensure specic health needs are met.

The Washington Group recommends “a lot of

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