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The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021

The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021

THE POTENTIAL TO SCALE

2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Andrews, Colin, Aude de Montesquiou, Inés Arévalo

Sánchez, Puja Vasudeva Dutta, Boban Varghese Paul, Sadna Samaranayake, Janet Heisey, Timothy

Clay, and Sarang Chaudhary. 2021.

Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1598-0. License: Creative Commons

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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1598-0

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1599-7

DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1598-0

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Will Kemp, World Bank Group

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020925441

v

Contents

Foreword ...................................................................xi

Acknowledgments

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

About the Authors

Abbreviations

Great Expectations and Some Skepticism

.......................................1

Major Contributions of

The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021 ..............2 Transforming the Lives of the Extreme Poor and Vulnerable: A Framework . . . . . . . . . 5

Ten Key Findings

FutureDirections

Notes ....................15 1.

Introduction

A Story of Great Expectations

. . . ..............................................17 . . . and Some Skepticism ...................................................19

A Framework to Transform Economic Lives

...................................20

Goal and Outcomes

Context and Response: Customizing to Local Settings ..........................24

Entry Points and Adaptations: Moving to Scale

................................28

Future Directions

Notes

References

.....................34 2. ........................38

Introduction

Program Adoption and Scale-Up: Political Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Trade-Os in Shaping Program Design and Implementation ......................41

Entry Points to Scale

Future Directions

Notes

References

3. ...................60

A Snapshot in Time

vi THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2021: THE POTENTIAL TO SCALE The Current Reach of Economic Inclusion Programs ............................62

Target Populations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Program Components

Future Directions

Notes

References

Spotlight 2: Promoting Women'

s Empowerment through Economic Inclusion . 83

Moving to Scale through Go

vernment-Led Programs ......................92

Introduction

Programmatic Adaptations to Scale

Institutional Adaptations to Scale

Future Directions

Notes

References

Spotlight 3: Linking Economic Inclusion and Markets f or the Poorest ..........110 An Assessment of Program Impacts ......................................116

Introduction

Review of the Impact Literature: Method, Sample, and Caveats ..................117

Evidence of Overall Impact

Factors That Mediate Impact

Future Directions

Notes

References

Assessing the Cost of Economic Inclusion Programs ......................152

Introduction

The PEI Quick Costing Tool 2020

Overall Cost of Economic Inclusion Programs

.................................159

Bundling of Interventions and Complexity

.....................................161

Component Dosage and Adequacy

Implementation Costs

Assessing Cost Eectiveness and Exploring Cost Optimization Strategies ........170

Future Directions

Notes

References

PART B: Case Studies

Case Study 1: Productive Inclusion Measures and Adaptiv e Social

Protection in the Sahel

Case Study 2: The State of Bihar's Appro

ach to Economic Inclusion:

JEEViKA and the SJY Program

Case Study 3: Adapting BRAC's Graduation Pr

ogram to the Changing

Poverty Context in Bangladesh

THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2021: THE POTENTIAL TO SCALE vii Case Study 4: Haku Wiñay: An Economic Inclusion Program in Peru ..........222

Appendix A: Survey Methodology

Appendix B: Review of Program Impact

.....................................244 Appendix C: Economic Inclusion Program Costing Survey Met hodology and Analysis Appendix D: Economic Inclusion Programs Mapped Globally .................283 Appendix E: Components of Economic Inclusion Programs ....................311

Glossary

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 BOXES O .1 Learning by Doing: Four Case Studies .....................................4 1 .1 Dening Terms: What We Mean by Economic Inclusion and Scale ............19 1 .2 Megatrends Driving the Future Direction of Economic Inclusion at the

Country Level

2 .1 Building on and Graduating from the Graduation Approach .................46 3 .1 Partnership for Economic Inclusion Landscape Survey 2020 ................61 3 .2 Economic Inclusion in Fragile and Displacement Contexts ..................67 3 .3 Identifying and Customizing Entrepreneurship Support .....................70 3 .4 People with Disabilities .................................................72 3 .5 Coaching at Scale ......................................................77 S2 .1 Assimilating the Evidence on Gender and Economic Inclusion Programs .....84 4 .1 Estimating Coverage of Economic Inclusion Programs ......................95 4 .2 Beyond Direct Delivery: NGOs as Catalyzers for Scale ....................102 S3 .1 Economic Inclusion in the Rice Value Chain: A Pilot Project in Côte d"Ivoire. . . 112 S3 .2 Strengthening Environmental and Natural Resource Links ..................113 5 .1 Gaps in the Evidence and Challenges in Making Comparative Statements ...119 5 .2 Achieving Economic Inclusion in FCV Settings ...........................127 5 .3 Spillover Impact on Communities and the Local Economy .................137 6 .1 Complications and Limitations of the PEI Quick Costing Tool 2020 ..........156 6 .2 Economic Inclusion Program Costs in the Sahel Adaptive Social ProtectionProgram (SASPP) 6 .3 Innovative Mechanisms to Optimize on Costs .............................171 CS1 .1 The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program Funding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 CS1 .2 Girls in Burkina Faso: Less Likely to Attend School, with Implications for FutureIncome CS1 .3 Overview of Productive Inclusion Measures in the Sahel ...................182 CS1 .4 Characteristics of the Village Savings and Loan Association Model .........183 CS1

.5 Providing Technical Assistance for Implementation through Government Systems by Partnering with External Institutions

..........................187 CS1 .6 Niger, Where Beneciaries Continue to Work with Coaches after Project Conclusion CS2 .1 SJY at a Glance: Key Scale-Up Components (and Variations from thePilot) ...200 viii THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2021: THE POTENTIAL TO SCALE CS2.2 SJY: Key Roles and Funders ............................................203 CS3 .1 Political and Policy Drivers of BRAC"s Graduation Programming ............210 CS3 .2 Overview of the BRAC Ultra Poor Graduation Program (2017 Onward) .......213 CS3 .3 Selection Criteria, Ultra-Poor Graduation Program, 2017 ...................215 CS4 .1 Haku Wiñay"s Components and Accompanying Productive Assets and

Technologies

CS4 .2 Gender Dimensions of Haku Wiñay .....................................230

FIGURES

O .1 Percent Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs and Beneciaries b y

Region, Lead Institution, and Entry Point

...................................3 O .2 Pathways to Economic Inclusion at Scale: A Framework .....................6 O .3 Distribution of Studies Reporting on Specic Outcomes, byLeadAgency ......8 O .4 Largest Cost Component as a Percentage of Total Cost, Selected Programs ...9 1 .1 Pathways to Economic Inclusion at Scale: A Framework ....................21 1 .2 Global Extreme Poverty by Region (1990-2030) and the Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis 1 .3 Overcoming Constraints to Economic Inclusion: Four Domains ..............26 2

.1 Distribution of Entry Points to Scale: Among Programs Overall, Government-Led Programs, and Nongovernment-Led Programs

.............44 2 .2 Distribution of Secondary Entry Points, Showing Cross-Cutting Role of FinancialInclusion 3 .1 Percent Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs and Beneciaries b y Region, Lead Institution, and Entry Point ..................................63 3 .2 Main Program Objectives Overall and by Their Entry Points to Scale .........65 3 .3 Percentage of All Programs with a Presence in Rural, Urban, and Peri-Urban Areas

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

3

.4 Climate Change Mitigation and Resilience: Percentage of Programs ThatHaveEither of These as a Main Objective, by Geographic Region

.......67 3 .5 Targeting of the Ultrapoor, Extreme Poor, Poor, and Others: P ercentage ofPrograms Overall and by Lead Institution Type ..........................68 3 .6 Population Groups Targeted: Percentage of Programs Overall and by LeadInstitution 3 .7 Distribution of Nongovernment- and Government-Led Programs, by NumberofComponents 3 .8 Economic Inclusion Components Provided in Sequence and for up to ThreeYears 3 .9 Various Program Components of Economic Inclusion Programs .............74 3 .10 Distribution of Modalities Used by Programs for Transfers, by Point of Entry ...75 4 .1 Distribution of Program Coverage Rates by Share of Population .............96 4 .2 Percentage of Government-Led Programs Where the Lead Government AgencyPlays Selected Roles 4

.3 Digital Technology: Percentage of Government-Led Programs Using Digital Technology for Program Management and Delivery

.......................104 THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2021: THE POTENTIAL TO SCALE ix

4.4 Percentage of Program Components Implemented through Community

Groupsor Structures

5.1 Distribution of Reviewed Programs ......................................118 5.2 Distribution of Studies Reporting on Specic Outcomes, by Lead Agency ....120 5.3 Summary of Evidence on Overall Impact ................................120 5.4

Comprehensive Package Showing Larger and More Sustained Impact ThanStand-Alone Interventions (Ghana, GUP)

............................129 5.5. Bundling Cash Grants, Training, and Group Formation (Uganda, WINGS) ....130 5.6 Layering Regular Cash Transfers with Livelihood Interventions (Nicaragua,Atención a Crisis) 5.7 Bundling Public Works Programs with Other Livelihood Interventions (Côted"Ivoire, PEJEDEC) 5.8 Participant Trajectories in Time-Bound Economic Inclusion Programs ........134 5.9 Factors That Mediate Program Impact ...................................135 5.10

Impact of Similar Programs Can Vary Substantially in Dierent Contexts: Evidence from the CGAP-Ford Foundation Classic Graduation PilotProjects

6.1 Sample Program Percentage Cost Structure ..............................157 B6.2.1 Per Capita Program Costs by Components ...................................159

6.2 Overall Price Tags for Economic Inclusion Programs, Surveyed Countries ($ PPP)

6.3 Largest Cost Component as a Percentage of Total Cost, Selected Programs ....161 6.4

Delivery and Sta Costs as a Percentage of Total Costs, Largest Cost Component versus Multiple Cost Component Programs, All Surveyed Programs,and Government-L

ed Programs ...............................163 CS1.1

Delivery of Productive Measures by a Combination of SSN Agency Sta, Trainers, and Community Volunteers: Niger

..............................185 CS1.2

Contracting or Coordinating with NGOs to Deliver the Productive Measures:Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Senegal

.........................186 CS2.1 JEEViKA Core Services Channeled through Various Levels of Groups and Organizations in the Community

BCS2.1

Role of Community Cadres in JEEViKA and SJY Core Operations ...........201 CS4.1 Number of Households Participating in Haku Wiñay, July 2014-April 2020 ...228 CS4.2 Number of New Participant Households in Haku Wiñay per Year and AnnualBudget, 2012-18 A.1

Percentage of Population Living Below Extreme Poverty Line and PercentageofPopulation Living Below National P

overty Line, Low- and

Lower-Middle-Income Countries

A.2 Economic Inclusion Program Coverage Equivalents, Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries A.3 Economic Inclusion Program Coverage Equivalent, Upper-Middle-Income Countries B.1 Percentage of Programs with Ongoing Impact Evaluations .................257 C.1 Sample Preliminary Analysis, Zambia and Côte d"Ivoire ....................271 C.2 Cost Breakdown of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Region ...............278 x THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2021: THE POTENTIAL TO SCALE E.1 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Component .........311 E.2 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Modality of Transfer ........312 E.3 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Modality of Business Capita l ...313 E.4 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Wage Facilitation ...314 E.5 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Skills Training ......315 E.6 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Coaching ..........316 E.7 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Financial Service ...317 E.8 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Market Facilitation ...318 E.9 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs, by Type of Natural Resource Management or Climate Change Adaptation Intervention ..................319

TABLES

3.1 The Five Largest Programs: Lead Organizations, Number of Beneciaries

Served, and Year Started

4.1 Dimensions of Scale: Programmatic and Institutional .......................93 6.1 Percentage Representation of Programs: PEI Quick Costing Tool 2020 and PEI Landscape Survey 2020 6.2 Lumpy Cash Grants, by Program Type for Selected Programs: Grant Size and Adequacy 6.3 Asset Transfers, by Program Type for Selected Programs: Transfer Size andAdequacy 6.4 Cash Transfers, by Program Type for Selected Programs: Transfer Size andAdequacy 6.5 Public Works Wages, by Program Type for Selected Programs: Transfer SizeandAdequacy CS1.1 Coverage of Productive Inclusion Measures across Four Sahelian Countries ...184 CS1.2 Productive Packages Compared through Impact Evaluation ...............188 CS2.1 SJY at a Glance: Key Scale-Up Components (and Variations from the Pilot) ...199 A.1 Response Rate, the PEI Landscape Survey 2020 ..........................237 B.1 Reviewed Programs and Evaluative Studies (Quantitative Evaluations Only) ...246 C.1 Projects in Costing Survey: Objectives and Components ...................273 D.1 Economic Inclusion Programs Mapped Globally ..........................284quotesdbs_dbs31.pdfusesText_37

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