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Pragmatics of the English Tough-Construction

Goh Gwang-Yoon (2000) "Pragmatics of the English Tough-Construction



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Pragmatics of the English Tough-Construction Nor th East Linguistics Society Nor th East Linguistics Society V olume 30 Proceedings of the North East

Linguistic Society 30 -- Volume One Ar

ticle 16 2000 Pr agmatics of the English Pr agmatics of the English

ToughTough-Construction -Construction

Gwang-Y

oon Goh

The Ohio State University F

ollow this and additional works at: https:/ /scholarworks.umass.edu/nels P art of the Linguistics Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation

Goh, Gwang-Y

oon (2000) "Pragmatics of the English

Tough-Construction,

" North East Linguistics Society: V ol. 30 , Article 16. A vailable at: https:/ /scholarworks.umass.edu/nels/vol30/iss1/16 This Ar

ticle is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Linguistics Students Association (GLSA) at ScholarW

orks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in North East Linguistics Society by an authoriz

ed editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact scholar

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Pragmatics of the English Tough·Construction

Gwang-Yoon Goh

The Ohio State University

1. A Controversy about the Semantics of the English Tough∑Construction

The (English) tough-construction (TC) is a syntactic pattern wltich is often considered to involve so-called tough-movement (i.e., a transformational rule which moves an NP out of the predicate of a complement phrase/clause in early generative transfonnational grammar), as is illustrated in (1) and (2): I (1) (a) Toml is tough to please-f. (b)

Today's exa.IDj will be easy to pasS--i.

(2) (a) That old mani is impossible to argue against-f. (b) Maryl is hard to work with--1. In the above of the Te, the syntactic subject of a rough-adjective such as easy, hard, and diffiCUlt is interpreted as semanticaUy (and sometimes syntactically as well) being responsible for a gap in the infinitival complement phrase/clause. Ever since the TC in English began to attract the attention of early transformational grammarians,2 one of the most controversial semantic issues about the English TC has been whether the tough-subject position is thematic or not. This semantic issue concerns whether the tough-adjective (along with the following infinitival phrase/clause) in a tough sentence assigns a semantic role to its syntactic subject. Although since Lasnik and Fiengo ï I would like to thank Peter Culicover, Wesley Davidson, Craig Hilts, Martin Jansche, Brian

Joseph, Bob Kasper, Steve Keiser, Chungmin

Lee, Bob Levine, Craige Roberts for lheirhelpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. I In non-transformational frameworks such as Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (cf. PoI1ard & Sag 1994), the [enn (lough-)movement can be used metaphorically to refer to some mechanism which makes the rough-subject satisfy the selectional andicr semantic requirements of the gap in tbe infinitivalquotesdbs_dbs2.pdfusesText_2
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