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Ovid (Often) Moralised: the Middle Ages

O edel vrouwe ende goede man,

Hier salmen truwelik deyncken an.

Hier liet truwe truwe bliken.

Before the publication of Musaios at the end of the ??fteenth century, the nar- rative of Hero and Leander was known in Western Europe principally by way of Ovid, the in??uence of whose writings on medieval literature is in any case considerable. Commentaries and glossed texts were produced and were much used in the schools in France and Italy in particular.

Ovid clearly made a great

impression on some medieval writers, for all that his eroticism might not have sat too well with the calling of churchmen like the abbot (and later archbishop) Baudri, who was nevertheless a great admirer. Ovid's style and subjects could, however, be adapted into a Christian context. Full-scale versions of the tale of Hero and Leander are known in prose and verse in a variety of medieval languages, either free-standing or contained within larger works, usually draw- ing on Ovid, even if it is not always clear in what form or how well the text See Dorothy M. Robotham, "Ovid in the Middle Ages", in: Ovid, ed. J. W. Binns (London: ???,

1973), pp. 191-209; Ralph Hexter, "Ovid in Translation in Medieval Europe", in:

Übersetzung.

Translation. Traduction

, ed. Harald Kittel et al. (Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2007), pp. 1311-38 and (on commentaries) Ralph Hexter,

Ovid and Medieval Schooling

(Munich: Arbeo-Gesellschaft, 1986) and Montiglio, Hero and Leander, pp. 119f. on the accessus- literature in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (usually stressing excessive love). On this topic see E. A. Quain, "The Medieval Accessus ad Auctores",

Traditio

3 (1945), 215-64. See

also James G. Clark, Frank T. Coulson and Kathryn L. McKinley, edd.

Ovid in the Middle Ages

(Cambridge: ???, 2011), in which Robert Black's chapter, "Ovid in Medieval Italy", discusses glossed texts of the

Heroides

. See also vol. 30 of

Cahiers de recherches médiévales et human

istes (2015), edited by Emmanuelle Baumgartner, with a variety of papers, principally but not only on the French

Ovide moralisé

; and Laurence Harf-Lancer, Lawrence Mathey-Maille

and Michelle Szkilnik, Ovide métamorphosé. Les lecteurs médiévaux d'Ovide (Paris: Presses

Sorbonne, 2009). Far earlier and concerned principally with the

Metamorphoses

is the pio- neering study by Karl Bartsch,

Albrecht von Halberstadt und Ovid im Mittelalter

(Quedlinburg and Leipzig: Basse, 1861, repr. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1965). of the

Heroides

was known.

The narrative also requires preliminary contex-

tualisation and a conclusion, which Ovid does not provide directly. Whether Musaios's poem was known (or known about) even by writers in Italy during the middle ages proper is an open question. 1

Early Translations of Ovid

Translations of the Heroides are plentiful in the medieval period, an early ex- ample being that into Greek prose by the proli??c Byzantine scholar Maximus

Planudes (ca 1255-ca 1305), whose

Metaphrasis

has been described as "??at and bald", with numerous errors in translation and some gaps.

Early Italian

translations include a widely disseminated prose version with brief prologues by the Florentine notary, Filippo Ce??? in around 1325; his prologue to the Leander letter summarises the story and locates the pair on two islands. A nec essarily freer Italian translation into ottava rima by the Tuscan Domenico da Montic(i)elli, also of the fourteenth century, provides longer verse prologues to the letters (or pairs of letters), and there is an introduction of six strophes pre- ceding the letter from Leander which matches that of Ce???, by whom he was in??uenced. Both versions found their way into print at an early stage. Ce???'s prose summary of the tale tells how the drowned Leander was thrown naked by a dolphin onto the shore in front of his lover ("per uno dal??no fue gittato alla proda della sua amante tutto ignudo", echoed in Monticelli's verse); Ovid's Hero dreams ominously of a dolphin, and they play various parts throughout the tradition. A further verse translation allegedly by a contemporary of Boccaccio, Jellinek, Sage, discusses German and Dutch versions. I consider the German and (more brie??y) the Latin and Dutch texts in my "Die Bearbeitungen des Hero-und-Leander-Sto?fes in Mittelalter",

Studi medievali

18 (1977), 231-47. Most of the medieval texts are considered by

Montiglio, Hero and Leander; see also Volker Mertens and Ulrich Müller, Epische Sto?fe des

Mittelalters

de la Edad Media al Renacimiento",

Medievalia

18 (2015), 209-16.

It is included in Palmer's 1898 edition of the Heroides, pp. 159-274. See Palmer's introduction, pp. xlvi-liii on the translation and its relationship to the Latin. Planudes also translated the

Metamorphoses

See Egidio Bellorini, Note sulle traduzioni italiane delle 'Eroidi' di Ovidio anteriori al rinas- cimento (Turin: Loescher, 1900). Much of the study is devoted to Ce???, with an appendix listing manuscripts and translations. He notes too an anonymous prose translation which does not contain the Hero and Leander letters (and a poetic fragment, which is also not relevant). There is a chapter on Domenico da Monticelli, pp. 41-56, with notes on manu scripts and prints, pp. 79-85. For a list including later printed translations see Jacopo Maria

Paitoni, Biblioteca degli autore antichi greci e latini volgarizzati ???. O?R (Venice: Storti, 1767),

pp. 70-82. There is a modern edition of Ce??? by Massimo Zaggia,

Ovidio. Volgarizzamento

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