Paper Cyber-metapragmatics and alterity on reddit.com
creating subreddits commenting on threads—and their relationship to the “ For the “culture wars” taking place between Tumblr
A Phenomenological Study of Social Media: Boredom and Interest
Boredom and Interest on Facebook Reddit
The angry internet
large social media platforms Twitter
The Technological Factors of Reddit: Communication and Identity on
14 févr. 2016 Thus relational technology and networks focuses on the building and maintaining of relationships through the sharing of content. The term
Guidance on Research using Social Networking Sites
website and form relationships with other users of the same website who can access websites and apps Reddit
Exploring the Magnitude and Effects of Media Influence on Reddit
paper investigates these relationships on Reddit. ment study of 4chan's politically incorrect forum and its ef- fects on the web.
How recently emerged Reddit communities influenced our discourse
Reddit communities that participated in the Gamestop and AMC market turmoil have influenced relationships that go beyond discussing stocks.
Understanding Information Weaponization via Data-driven Analysis
Why Do We Care About 4Chan? Reddit. (six selected subreddits). 620K. 40K. 301K. 4chan (/pol/) ... Reveals causal relationships.
Exploring the Magnitude and Effects of Media Influence on Reddit
paper investigates these relationships on Reddit. ment study of 4chan's politically incorrect forum and its ef- fects on the web.
Analyzing Genetic Testing Discourse on the Web Through the Lens
relationship between health and social networks such as Twitter and Reddit to the best of our 2.3 Quantitative Studies of Twitter
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Heard of 4chan?3
Why Do We Care About 4Chan?4
Why Do We Care About 4Chan?4
Why Do We Care About 4Chan?4
Why Do We Care About 4Chan?4
What is 4chan?5
What is 4chan?An image-board forumOrganized in boards (70 at the moment)5What is 4chan?An image-board forumOrganized in boards (70 at the moment)An "original poster" (OP) creates a new thread by making a postSingle image attached5
What is 4chan?An image-board forumOrganized in boards (70 at the moment)An "original poster" (OP) creates a new thread by making a postSingle image attachedOther users can reply:With or without images, possibly add references to previous posts, quote text, etc. 5
What is 4chan?An image-board forumOrganized in boards (70 at the moment)An "original poster" (OP) creates a new thread by making a postSingle image attachedOther users can reply:With or without images, possibly add references to previous posts, quote text, etc. 5
/pol/ - Politically Incorrect Board6 /pol/ - Politically Incorrect Board6 /pol/ - Politically Incorrect BoardExtremely lax moderationAlmost anything goes6Anonymity & Ephemerality7
Anonymity & EphemeralityUsers do not need to register an account to participateAnonymity is the default (and preferred) behavior
7Anonymity & EphemeralityUsers do not need to register an account to participateAnonymity is the default (and preferred) behavior
"Some" degree of permanence and identifiability is supportedCan enter a name along with their posts (no authentication though)
7Anonymity & EphemeralityUsers do not need to register an account to participateAnonymity is the default (and preferred) behavior
"Some" degree of permanence and identifiability is supportedCan enter a name along with their posts (no authentication though)
Threads get "archived" after a whileActually all posts deleted after a week7Challenges of Measuring 4chan
(and other fringe communities)8Challenges of Measuring 4chan
(and other fringe communities)1.Not your typical social network (anonymous/ephemeral)8Challenges of Measuring 4chan
(and other fringe communities)1.Not your typical social network (anonymous/ephemeral)2.Their actions not limited to 4chan, need to look at other
platforms to understand their impact8Challenges of Measuring 4chan
(and other fringe communities)1.Not your typical social network (anonymous/ephemeral)2.Their actions not limited to 4chan, need to look at other
platforms to understand their impact3.Knowing what they're talking about is not easy8Challenges of Measuring 4chan
(and other fringe communities)1.Not your typical social network (anonymous/ephemeral)2.Their actions not limited to 4chan, need to look at other
platforms to understand their impact3.Knowing what they're talking about is not easy4.You might get attacked, doxxed, etc.8
Datasets/pol//sp//int/TotalThreads217K14.4K24.9K256KPosts8.3M1.2M1.4M10.9MJune 30 to September 12, 20169
DatasetsMethodology:Visit the "catalog"Snapshot every 5 minsOnce a thread is archived, retrieve full/final contents from 4plebs.org/pol//sp//int/TotalThreads217K14.4K24.9K256KPosts8.3M1.2M1.4M10.9MJune 30 to September 12, 20169
DatasetsMethodology:Visit the "catalog"Snapshot every 5 minsOnce a thread is archived, retrieve full/final contents from 4plebs.orgWe're still crawling.../pol//sp//int/TotalThreads217K14.4K24.9K256KPosts8.3M1.2M1.4M10.9MJune 30 to September 12, 20169
Hate Speech?Crowdsourced dictionaryManually filtered a bit/pol/ by far most hate speech use/pol/ 12%/sp/ 7.3%/int/ 6.3%Twitter 2.2%or?10Raids on other platforms (e.g., YouTube)11
Raids on other platforms (e.g., YouTube)Someone posts a YouTube linkMaybe with a prompt like "you know what to do"11
Raids on other platforms (e.g., YouTube)Someone posts a YouTube linkMaybe with a prompt like "you know what to do"Thread is an aggregation point for raidersE.g., "Hah! I called that person a n******!"11
Raids on other platforms (e.g., YouTube)Someone posts a YouTube linkMaybe with a prompt like "you know what to do"Thread is an aggregation point for raidersE.g., "Hah! I called that person a n******!"If raid is taking place:Peak in YouTube comments while thread alive?/pol/ thread and YT comments synchronized?11
Raids on other platforms (e.g., YouTube)12
Raids on other platforms (e.g., YouTube)12
Activity Peaks14% of videos see peak commenting activity during /pol/ thread lifetimeYT videos with peaks during 4chan threadDetermined via PDF of commenting timeseries13
Synchronization14
SynchronizationTwo series, second randomly shifted from first by 0.2s on avg14Synchronization01-101Sample Lag (s)Two series, second randomly shifted from first by 0.2s on avgBlue lines ! per-sample lagRed area ! density of the lagsPeak of density curve = 0.2s14
Validation-2.50.02.50.0000.0050.0100.0150.020Hate comments per secondSynchronization Lag (105 seconds)YT comments have hateYT comments have no hate15
In fact... can we predict?16
In fact... can we predict?16Yes, we can!
Ensemble of classifiers determines the likelihood that a video will be raided with AUC up to 94%What About Cyberbullying?70.6% of young people say they have seen bullying in their schools 9% of students in grades 6-12 experienced cyberbullying 15% of high school students (grades 9-12) were electronically bullied in the past year17
Cyberaggression vs Cyberbullying18
Cyberaggression vs CyberbullyingCyberbullying: intentionally aggressive behavior, repeated over time, which involves an imbalance of power18
Cyberaggression vs CyberbullyingCyberbullying: intentionally aggressive behavior, repeated over time, which involves an imbalance of powerCyberaggression: purposefully saying or doing something to hurt someone18
Cyberaggression vs CyberbullyingCyberbullying: intentionally aggressive behavior, repeated over time, which involves an imbalance of powerCyberaggression: purposefully saying or doing something to hurt someoneCan we detect it?18
Building a ClassifierCrawling data from Twitter from June to August 2016Baseline: 1M random tweetsHate-related: 650K tweets based on 309 bully- and hate-related hashtags#GamerGate + 308 co-appeared ones(GamerGate was a coordinated campaign of harassment in the online gaming world, revolving around sentiments of sexism, feminism, and "social justice")Pre-processing: removing spam, stop words, punctuation marks, etc.19
Crowdsourced labeling20
Ground Truth & Features21
Ground Truth & Features9,484 tweets, 1,307 users (4.5% bullies, 3.4% aggressors, 31.8% spammers, 60.3% normal)21
Ground Truth & Features9,484 tweets, 1,307 users (4.5% bullies, 3.4% aggressors, 31.8% spammers, 60.3% normal)User Features: avg. #posts, account age, #subscribed lists, verified account, posts' interarrival time, default profile image21
Ground Truth & Features9,484 tweets, 1,307 users (4.5% bullies, 3.4% aggressors, 31.8% spammers, 60.3% normal)User Features: avg. #posts, account age, #subscribed lists, verified account, posts' interarrival time, default profile imageText Features: #hashtags, #uppercases, #emoticons, #URLs, sentiment, avg. word embedding score, hate and curse scores21
Ground Truth & Features9,484 tweets, 1,307 users (4.5% bullies, 3.4% aggressors, 31.8% spammers, 60.3% normal)User Features: avg. #posts, account age, #subscribed lists, verified account, posts' interarrival time, default profile imageText Features: #hashtags, #uppercases, #emoticons, #URLs, sentiment, avg. word embedding score, hate and curse scoresNetwork Features: popularity (#follower, #friends), reciprocity, avg. power difference with mentioned users, hubs and authority, influence (eigenvector centrality, closeness centrality), communities (clustering coefficient, louvain modularity)21
22Results23
How do communities influence each other?24
254chan ! Twitter25
4chan ! Twitter25
2626
Reddit ! Twitter26
The Pizzagate Conspiracy Theory27
The Pizzagate Conspiracy TheoryData Provider27
The Pizzagate Conspiracy TheoryData ProviderTheory Generator27The Pizzagate Conspiracy TheoryData ProviderTheory GeneratorTheory Incubators & Gateway to mainstream "world"27
The Pizzagate Conspiracy TheoryData ProviderTheory GeneratorTheory Incubators & Gateway to mainstream "world"Large-scale Disseminator27
Idea...28
Idea...Study the appearance of alternative and mainstream news URLs within the platforms28Idea...Study the appearance of alternative and mainstream news URLs within the platformsBuild a sequence of appearance for each URL according to the timestamps28
Idea...Study the appearance of alternative and mainstream news URLs within the platformsBuild a sequence of appearance for each URL according to the timestamps28
Idea...Study the appearance of alternative and mainstream news URLs within the platformsBuild a sequence of appearance for each URL according to the timestampsBuild a graph with the sequences28
The Data99 mainstream and alternative ("fake") news sourcesPlatformPosts/CommentsAlternative URLsMainstream URLsTwitter486K42K236KReddit (six selected subreddits)620K40K301K4chan (/pol/)90K9K40K29
Here's What The Graph Looks LikeMainstream News SourcesAlternative News Sources30Quantify Influence? Hawkes Processes!31
Quantify Influence? Hawkes Processes!Assume K processes Each with a rate of events (i.e., posting of a URL), called the background rate31
Quantify Influence? Hawkes Processes!Assume K processes Each with a rate of events (i.e., posting of a URL), called the background rateAn event can cause impulse responses in other processesIncreases the rates of other processes for a period of time31
Quantify Influence? Hawkes Processes!Assume K processes Each with a rate of events (i.e., posting of a URL), called the background rateAn event can cause impulse responses in other processesIncreases the rates of other processes for a period of timeEnables us to be confident about the number of events caused by another event on the source process (weight)Reveals causal relationships31
Hawkes Processes ExampleX
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditX
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitterX
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/12X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/12X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/12X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/123X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/123X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/123X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/123X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1234X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1234X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1234X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/12345X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/123456X
Hawkes Processes ExampleRedditTwitter/pol/1234567XFor Our Purposes...Hawkes model with 8 processesOne for each platform/communityDistinct model for each URLFit each model with Gibbs samplingCalculate the percentage of events created because of events happened in each of the other processes32
How Communities Influence Each Other?Twitter top influencers for alternative URLs o/r/The_Donald (2.72%)o/pol/ (1.96%)o/r/politics (1.1%)Twitter top influencers for mainstream URLso/r/politics (4.29%)o/pol/ (3.01%)o/r/The_Donald (2.97%)
33How Communities Influence Each Other?Twitter top influencers for alternative URLs o/r/The_Donald (2.72%)o/pol/ (1.96%)o/r/politics (1.1%)Twitter top influencers for mainstream URLso/r/politics (4.29%)o/pol/ (3.01%)o/r/The_Donald (2.97%)
33How Communities Influence Each Other?Twitter top influencers for alternative URLs o/r/The_Donald (2.72%)o/pol/ (1.96%)o/r/politics (1.1%)Twitter top influencers for mainstream URLso/r/politics (4.29%)o/pol/ (3.01%)o/r/The_Donald (2.97%)
These seemingly tiny Web communities can really punch above their weight class when it comes to influencing the greater Web33
Memes are fun! 34
Memes are fun! 34
3535
35
35
Not always though...35
Memes in politics36
Memes in politics36
Memes in politicsMemes have become a popular, and seemingly effective, method to transmit ideology.Memes have been weaponized37
Memes processing pipeline38
Memes processing pipeline38
Datasets# of posts1.4B1.0B48M12M15K# of posts with images242M62M13M955K15K# of Images114M40M4M235K706K# of unique pHashes74M30M3M193K597K39
Top memes per Web community40
Top memes per Web community40
Top memes per Web community40
Top memes per Web community40
Top memes per Web community40
Who are the most popular people in memes?41
42How are memes shared over time?Political MemesRacist Memes43 How are memes shared over time?Political MemesRacist Memes44 How are memes shared over time?Political MemesRacist Memes2nd US presidential debate44
How are memes shared over time?Political MemesRacist Memes2016 US elections2nd US presidential debate44
How are memes shared over time?Political MemesRacist Memes2016 US electionsGab activity increase 20172nd US presidential debate44
How are memes shared over time?Political MemesRacist Memes2016 US electionsGab activity increase 2017/pol/ constant shareGab activity increase in 20172nd US presidential debate44
Communities' influence (racist memes)/pol/ is most influential in terms of spreading racist memes45Communities' efficiency (racist memes)If we look at theinfluence normalizedto the number ofmemes posted, theThe_Donald is mostefficient in terms ofdisseminating memes46
What about state-level adversaries?47
What about state-level adversaries?47
Research Questions•How do state-sponsored actors operate and evolve? •How does the behavior of state-sponsored trolls compare to random users?•More importantly, what was their influence on the Web with respect to the dissemination of news?48
What are they posing as?Nudging users to follow themNews accounts?Trump supporters49Where are they allegedly posting from?50
What hashtags they shared?51
Do Russian trolls change their screen names?9% of the Russian troll accounts changed their screen nameUp to 4 times per accountE.g., from "OnlineHouston" to "HoustonTopNews"Clear attempt to pose as local news outletIn our baseline dataset 19% of the accounts changed their screen nameUp to 11 times per account52
Do Russian trolls delete their tweets?53
When did Russian trolls deleted their tweets?One month before 2016 US elections54Influence1K trolls caused 2.6% of all Russian state-sponsored news outlets URLs (i.e., RT) on Twitter's 1%.1K trolls caused 0.6% of all other news outlets URLs on Twitter's 1%.55
Main FindingsWe find differences in the use of the Twitter platform between trolls and random users Trolls seem to reset their "personas" by changing names and deleting tweets Particularly influential in spreading Russian state-sponsored URLs on Twitter and other platforms56In conclusion, we developed methodologies...57
In conclusion, we developed methodologies...Data CollectionCrawling 4chan, Reddit, Gab, Twitter, YouTubeProcessing, cleaning, storing, indexing, etc.57
In conclusion, we developed methodologies...Data CollectionCrawling 4chan, Reddit, Gab, Twitter, YouTubeProcessing, cleaning, storing, indexing, etc.Data AnalysisStatistical tools to study distributions, behaviors, etc.Longitudinal analysis, understanding trends and change pointsInfluence estimationImage analysisClustering, contextual analysis, unsupervised learningLanguage modeling, topic extractionClassification and prediction[...]Exploratory & hypotheses-driven57
In conclusion, we developed methodologies...Data CollectionCrawling 4chan, Reddit, Gab, Twitter, YouTubeProcessing, cleaning, storing, indexing, etc.Data AnalysisStatistical tools to study distributions, behaviors, etc.Longitudinal analysis, understanding trends and change pointsInfluence estimationImage analysisClustering, contextual analysis, unsupervised learningLanguage modeling, topic extractionClassification and prediction[...]Exploratory & hypotheses-drivenData SharingEverything open sourceEasy to use, facilitate qualitative/social science research57
Moving Forward58
Moving ForwardThere are still many problems remaining in the broad space58Moving ForwardThere are still many problems remaining in the broad spaceWe have made a lot of progress into gaining a quantitative understanding58
Moving ForwardThere are still many problems remaining in the broad spaceWe have made a lot of progress into gaining a quantitative understandingWe now need to deploy proactive systems in productionReal time detection of harassment and online attacksActively fight weaponized informationPolicyAccountability58
Thank you!59
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