The OpenGL R Graphics System: A Specification (Version 4.5 (Core PDF

Learn OpenGL Graphics Programming

Therefore a decent knowledge of the C++ programming language is required for these learnopengl.com/demo/autotools_tutorial.txt: an autotools tutorial by.

OpenGL® Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning

(GLSL)) a special language very similar to C++ for constructing OpenGL shaders. GLSL is used for all shaders in OpenGL

Introduction à OpenGL et GLUT

Le rendu des primitives dépend de nombreuses variables d'état (matrice de transformation couleur

offline learnopengl.pdf

Since OpenGL is a graphics API and not a platform of its own As you might recall from the OpenGL tutorial

Computer Graphics Programming in OpenGL with C++ Second

Paul Baker's bump-mapping tutorial Using OpenGL with C++ requires configuring several libraries. ... org/registry/OpenGL/specs/gl/glspec44.core.pdf.

Beginners Tutorials

7 juin 2017 Shaders are programmed in a language called GLSL : GL Shader Language which is part of OpenGL. Unlike C or Java

OpenGL Tutorial

28 févr. 2013 OpenGL Tutorial Release 1.0. Source code1. The guide is available in the following formats: PDF2. ePub3 for ebook readers.

The OpenGL R Graphics System: A Specification (Version 4.5 (Core

1 mai 2022 available at www.khronos.org/files/member agreement.pdf. Khronos grants a con- ... Languages such as C++ and Javascript which allow passing.

Programmation C/C++ et OpenGL

28 oct. 2020 2 Introduction rapide au C/C++ & Visual Studio. 5. 2.1 Le saviez-vous? ... Introduction à l'architecture OpenGL [KSS16] : les données et les.

[PDF] [PDF] Learn OpenGL Graphics Programming

Since OpenGL is a graphics API and not a platform of its own it requires a language to operate create an additional C++ file with the following code:

[PDF] OpenGL® Programming Guide - UT Computer Science

''If you are looking for the definitive guide to programming with the very latest version of OpenGL look no further The authors of this book have been deeply

[PDF] Computer Graphics Programming in OpenGL with C++

All of the C++/OpenGL programs and related utility class files and GLSL shader code presented in the book • The models and texture files used in the

[PDF] Initiation à OpenGL - CNU 27 Marseille

OpenGL est une librairie graphique 3D disponible sur de nombreuses plateformes désignation de la fonction d'affichage (1) dans la fenêtre courante

[PDF] Introduction à OpenGL et GLUT

“le “bleu” : OpenGL Reference Manual An interactive introduction to OpenGL programming Cours Tutorial Transformation de Nate Robins

[PDF] OpenGL Programming Guide - FEI

The format for transmitting OpenGL commands (called the protocol) from the client to implementation in C++ or Ada for example wouldn't need to

[PDF] 14 Introduction to C++ and OpenGL

C++ relies on the #include prepro- cessor directive which treats all of the text in the included header file as though it were part of the including source

[PDF] Introduction à OpenGL

1 OGL : Open Graphic Language 2 références 3 Pipeline OpenGL •Tutorial et exemples OpenGL Reference Manual 3rd edition ISBN 0-201-65675-1

[PDF] Beginners Tutorials

7 jui 2017 · You will see a Tutorials sln file : open it with Visual Studio Example for tutorial 2 : ~/opengl-tutorial/tutorial02_red_triangle/

Computer graphics programming in OpenGL with C++ [2

By purchasing or using this book and its companion files (the “Work”) 1 1 Languages and Libraries 1 1 1 C++ 1 1 2 OpenGL / GLSL 1 1 3 Window Management

Can you use C++ in OpenGL?
Since OpenGL is a graphics API and not a platform of its own, it requires a language to operate in and the language of choice is C++ .
How much C++ is required for OpenGL?
You don't need to be a master in C++ to start learning OpenGL. As a matter of fact, you don't even need to know C++. If you know a decent amount of C, you should be fine to start working with OpenGL. OpenGL is not a programming language, it is an API.
Is OpenGL for C or C++?
The OpenGL libraries are written in C and allows for many derivations in other languages, but in its core it remains a C-library.
So let's get started
1Install and Setup MSYS. Head over to this link https://www.msys2.org/ and download the mysy2 installer. 2Open MSYS2. 3Install Pacman in the MSYS2. 4Install MinGW package via CLI. 5Install Freeglut. 6Install Glew. 7Download Code Blocks. 8Set up the compiler in Code Blocks.

The OpenGL

Graphics System:

A Specification(Version 4.5 (Core Profile) - June 29, 2017)

Mark Segal

Kurt Akeley

Editor (version 1.1): Chris Frazier

Editor (versions 1.2-4.5 ): Jon Leech

Editor (version 2.0): Pat Brown

Copyright

2006-2017 The Khronos Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.

This specification is protected by copyright laws and contains material proprietary to Khronos. Except as described by these terms, it or any components may not be reproduced, republished, distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcastorotherwise exploited in any manner without the express prior written permission of Khronos. This specification has been created under the Khronos Intellectual Property Rights Policy, which is Attachment A of the Khronos Group Membership Agreement available at www.khronos.org/files/memberagreement.pdf. Khronos grants a con- ditional copyright license to use and reproduce the unmodified specification for any purpose, without fee or royalty, EXCEPT no licenses to any patent, trade- mark or other intellectual property rights are granted under these terms. Parties desiring to implement the specification and make use of Khronos trademarks in relation to that implementation, and receive reciprocal patent license protection under the Khronos IP Policy must become Adopters and confirm the implementa- tion as conformant under the process defined by Khronos for this specification; see https://www.khronos.org/adopters. Khronos makes no, and expressly disclaims any, representations or warranties, ex- press or implied, regarding this specification, including, without limitation: mer- chantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement of any intellectual property, correctness, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, and reliability. Under no circumstances will Khronos, or any of its Promoters, Contributors or Members, or their respective partners, officers, directors, employees, agents or representatives be liable for any damages, whether direct, indirect, special or consequential damages for lost revenues, lost profits, or otherwise, arising from or in connection with these materials. Vulkan is a registered trademark and Khronos, WebGL, and EGL are trademarks of The Khronos Group Inc. ASTC is a trademark of ARM Holdings PLC, OpenCL is a trademark of Apple Inc. and OpenGL is a registered trademark and the OpenGL ES and OpenGL SC logos are trademarks of Silicon Graphics International used under license by Khronos. All other product names, trademarks, and/or company names are used solely for identification and belong to their respective owners.

1 Introduction

1.1 Formatting of the OpenGL Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 What is the OpenGL Graphics System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1 Programmer"s View of OpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2 Implementor"s View of OpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3 Our View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.4 Fixed-function Hardware and the Compatibility Profile . .

1.2.5 The Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Related APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.1 OpenGL Shading Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.2 OpenGL ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.3 OpenGL ES Shading Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.4 WebGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.5 Window System Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.6 OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 Filing Bug Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 OpenGL Fundamentals

2.1 Execution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Command Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.1 Data Conversion For State-Setting Commands . . . . . .

2.2.2 Data Conversions For State Query Commands . . . . . .

2.3 Command Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.1 Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.2 Graphics Reset Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.3 Flush and Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.4 Numeric Representation and Computation . . . . . . . . .

20 i

CONTENTSii

2.3.5 Fixed-Point Data Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4 Rendering Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 Context State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.1 Generic Context State Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6 Objects and the Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.1 Object Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.2 Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.3 Shader Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.4 Program Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.5 Program Pipeline Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.6 Texture Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.7 Sampler Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.8 Renderbuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.9 Framebuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.10 Vertex Array Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.11 Transform Feedback Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.12 Query Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.13 Sync Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Dataflow Model

4 Event Model

4.1 Sync Objects and Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.1 Waiting for Sync Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.2 Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.3 Sync Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Query Objects and Asynchronous Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.1 Query Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 Time Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Shared Objects and Multiple Contexts

5.1 Object Deletion Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.1 Side Effects of Shared Context Destruction . . . . . . . .

5.1.2 Automatic Unbinding of Deleted Objects . . . . . . . . .

5.1.3 Deleted Object and Object Name Lifetimes . . . . . . . .

5.2 Sync Objects and Multiple Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 Propagating Changes to Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.1 Determining Completion of Changes to an object . . . . .

5.3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OpenGL 4.5 (Core Profile) - June 29, 2017

CONTENTSiii

5.3.3 Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Buffer Objects

6.1 Creating and Binding Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1.1 Binding Buffer Objects to Indexed Targets . . . . . . . . .

6.2 Creating and Modifying Buffer Object Data Stores . . . . . . . .

6.2.1 Clearing Buffer Object Data Stores . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3 Mapping and Unmapping Buffer Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3.1 Unmapping Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3.2 Effects of Mapping Buffers on Other GL Commands . . .

6.4 Effects of Accessing Outside Buffer Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.5 Invalidating Buffer Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.6 Copying Between Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.7 Buffer Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.7.1 Indexed Buffer Object Limits and Binding Queries . . . .

6.8 Buffer Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Programs and Shaders

7.1 Shader Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2 Shader Binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.3 Program Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.3.1 Program Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.4 Program Pipeline Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

115

7.4.1 Shader Interface Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119

7.4.2 Program Pipeline Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122

7.5 Program Binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122

7.6 Uniform Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125

7.6.1 Loading Uniform Variables In The Default Uniform Block

132

7.6.2 Uniform Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136

7.6.3 Uniform Buffer Object Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

139

7.7 Atomic Counter Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140

7.7.1 Atomic Counter Buffer Object Storage . . . . . . . . . .

141

7.7.2 Atomic Counter Buffer Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

141

7.8 Shader Buffer Variables and Shader Storage Blocks . . . . . . . .

142

7.9 Subroutine Uniform Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

144

7.10 Samplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

148

7.11 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

149

7.12 Shader Memory Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

149

7.12.1 Shader Memory Access Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . .

150

7.12.2 Shader Memory Access Synchronization . . . . . . . . .

152

OpenGL 4.5 (Core Profile) - June 29, 2017

CONTENTSiv

7.13 Shader, Program, and Program Pipeline Queries . . . . . . . . . .

157

7.14 Required State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

166

8 Textures and Samplers

168

8.1 Texture Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

169

8.2 Sampler Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

173

8.3 Sampler Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

178

8.4 Pixel Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

178

8.4.1 Pixel Storage Modes and Pixel Buffer Objects . . . . . . .

179

8.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

180

8.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

180

8.4.4 Transfer of Pixel Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

180

8.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

8.5 Texture Image Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

8.5.1 Required Texture Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196

8.5.2 Encoding of Special Internal Formats . . . . . . . . . . .

197

8.5.3 Texture Image Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

201

8.6 Alternate Texture Image Specification Commands . . . . . . . . .

208

8.6.1 Texture Copying Feedback Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . .

215

8.7 Compressed Texture Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

215

8.8 Multisample Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223

8.9 Buffer Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

224

8.10 Texture Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

228

8.11 Texture Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231

8.11.1 Active Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231

8.11.2 Texture Parameter Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231

8.11.3 Texture Level Parameter Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

233

8.11.4 Texture Image Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

235

8.12 Depth Component Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

241

8.13 Cube Map Texture Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

242

8.13.1 Seamless Cube Map Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

242

8.14 Texture Minification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

243

8.14.1 Scale Factor and Level of Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

243

8.14.2 Coordinate Wrapping and Texel Selection . . . . . . . . .

246

8.14.3 Mipmapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

251

8.14.4 Manual Mipmap Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

253

8.14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

255

8.15 Texture Magnification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

255

8.16 Combined Depth/Stencil Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

255

8.17 Texture Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

255

OpenGL 4.5 (Core Profile) - June 29, 2017

CONTENTSv

8.17.1 Effects of Sampler Objects on Texture Completeness . . .

257

8.17.2 Effects of Completeness on Texture Application . . . . . .

257

8.17.3 Effects of Completeness on Texture Image Specification .

257

8.18 Texture Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

257

8.19 Immutable-Format Texture Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

262

8.19.1 Behavior of Immutable-Format Texture Images . . . . . .

268

8.20 Invalidating Texture Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

268

8.21 Clearing Texture Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[PDF] The OpenGL R Graphics System: A Specification (Version 4.5 (Core

Can you use C++ in OpenGL?

How much C++ is required for OpenGL?

Is OpenGL for C or C++?

So let's get started

The OpenGL

Graphics System:

Mark Segal

Kurt Akeley

Editor (version 1.1): Chris Frazier

Editor (versions 1.2-4.5 ): Jon Leech

Editor (version 2.0): Pat Brown

Copyright

2006-2017 The Khronos Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Formatting of the OpenGL Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 What is the OpenGL Graphics System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1 Programmer"s View of OpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2 Implementor"s View of OpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3 Our View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.4 Fixed-function Hardware and the Compatibility Profile . .

1.2.5 The Deprecation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Related APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.1 OpenGL Shading Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.2 OpenGL ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.3 OpenGL ES Shading Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.4 WebGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.5 Window System Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.6 OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 Filing Bug Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 OpenGL Fundamentals

2.1 Execution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Command Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.1 Data Conversion For State-Setting Commands . . . . . .

2.2.2 Data Conversions For State Query Commands . . . . . .

2.3 Command Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.1 Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.2 Graphics Reset Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.3 Flush and Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.4 Numeric Representation and Computation . . . . . . . . .

CONTENTSii

2.3.5 Fixed-Point Data Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4 Rendering Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 Context State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.1 Generic Context State Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6 Objects and the Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.1 Object Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.2 Buffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.3 Shader Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.4 Program Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.5 Program Pipeline Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.6 Texture Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.7 Sampler Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.8 Renderbuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.9 Framebuffer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.10 Vertex Array Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.11 Transform Feedback Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.12 Query Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.13 Sync Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Dataflow Model

4 Event Model

4.1 Sync Objects and Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.1 Waiting for Sync Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.2 Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.3 Sync Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Query Objects and Asynchronous Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.1 Query Object Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 Time Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Shared Objects and Multiple Contexts

5.1 Object Deletion Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.1 Side Effects of Shared Context Destruction . . . . . . . .

5.1.2 Automatic Unbinding of Deleted Objects . . . . . . . . .

5.1.3 Deleted Object and Object Name Lifetimes . . . . . . . .

5.2 Sync Objects and Multiple Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 Propagating Changes to Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.1 Determining Completion of Changes to an object . . . . .