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Information Manipulation: A Challenge for Our
Democracies
A Challenge for Our Democracies
A report by the Policy Planning Staff (CAPS, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs) and the Institute for Strategic Rechearch (IRSEM, Ministry for the Armed Forces)FOREWORD
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................I. What are we talking about? ........................................................................
......................18II. Is information manipulation a minor issue? .............................................................22
PART ONE
WHY? ........................................................................I. Causes at the individual level
..................31 A Cognitive failings ............................................................................ ...............................31B. An epistemological crisis ............................................................................
..................33II. Causes at the collective level
..................36B. The crisis of the press ...........................................................................
.......................38 ......................39III. Who manipulates information and why? .................................................................42
A Non-state actors ............................................................................ ................................43 ............................45 B. States ............................................................................ .........................49 ....51 b. China ...................................................................................... ..........................58PART TWO
HOW? ........................................................................ I. Vulnerability factors ........................................................................ ...................................65 AThe presence of minorities
..............65 ................................67 ..............................68 ........68 .......................70II. The means of information manipulation ..................................................................70
.........70 ..........................75 ..79 1 The places ................................................................................ ................................80 ....83 a Bots ....................................................................................... ...........................83 b. Trolls ....................................................................................... .........................84 D. Leaks ........................................................................... .......88F. Electoral interference ...........................................................................
.........................89 III. Other regions affected by information manipulation ..........................................95 ................................95 ..................................97 B. Africa ............................................................................ ..............................98 2The anti-French campaign in Goma ...................................................................99
C. Latin America ............................................................................ ...................................100PART THREE
THE RESPONSES
I. Case study: the 15 French Lessons of the "Macron Leaks" ................................106 ..............................107 .........................108 ..............................111 ..................111 .............................111 .................112 .......................114 .................................116 .....................116 ............................116B. The involvement of Parliaments ............................................................................
...119 ..............120 ...............................121 1 Registration ............................................................................... ...........................121 2Prohibition
............................122 .............................123 ........................124 .......124 ................129 ......................129 B. NATO ........................................................................... C. The OSCE ............................................................................ AFact-checking
...................................137B. Normative initiatives ............................................................................
.......................139 C. Research ............................................................................D. Grassroots initiatives ...........................................................................
.......................142 ...............145 .............................146 .....................................147 campaigns ..................................148 ........149 .............150 ................151 ........................155 ................157 ATechnological challenges ............................................................................
................158 ...........................159 ......................160 .................160 ............................161 .................162 .....................165 .....................167 .169 ..183 186.....................188 ........................189 B ......................190 C ........................191 .......................192 .205
FOREWORD
Our Study
0DXG4XHVVDUGLa Diplomatie publique américaine et la désinformation russe : un retour des guerres
de l'information?,OHVVRQVIURPLWquotesdbs_dbs22.pdfusesText_28
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