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THÈSE DE DOCTORAT

La reSURGXFWLRQVH[X"HHWDVH[X"HGHVFRUDX[IDFHDX[

changements environnementaux : Implications pour la

COMPOSITION DU JURY×:

Soutenue par PUISAY

le 23 juillet 2018 h

Ecole doctoralen°472

Spécialité

PLANES

HEDOUIN

h

Remerciements

son laboratoire, mais aussi pour avoir accepté de diriger cette thèse. Ensuite je tiens à

questionnement en passant par la réalisation des expériences et la rédaction des articles

développer mes propres idées sur les questions biologiste, anthropologue ou écologue, technicien ou ingénieur, permanent ou vacataire, po s les autres car les thèse. Merci à Clément, Mélanie, Brice, svalue Nantes en passant par Perpignan, puis Paris, mais aussi Montpellier, Nancy, Bordeaux, pour

Table des matières

Liste des figures

Liste des Tableaux

Liste des Equations

Chapitre

I. Contexte

I.1 Biologie

I.2 Symbiose

I.3 Blanchissement

II. La reproduction sexuée et asexuée

III. Méthodes de restaurations des récifs coralliens

IV. Acclimatation et adaptation

V. Objectifs de la thèse

VI. Stratégie expérimentale

Chapitre 2

I. Introduction

II. Results and Discussion

III. Material and methods

CAcropora pulchra

I. Introduction

II. Materials and methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

Chapitre 4 : Thermal preconditioning of coral pelagic life stages as a promising alternative in the face of global

I. Introduction

II. Material and methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

Chapitre 5 : Variability in coral larva of P. damicornis

I. Introduction

II. Material and methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

Chapitre 6

I. In

II. Material and methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

Chapitre 7 : Discussion générale

Bibliographie

Summary

Résumé

Liste des figures

Chapitre 1

FIGURE 1. LES RECIFS CORALLIENS'ESPECES MODIFIE DE VERON ET AL., (2015) FIGURE 2 : CYCLE DE VIE BENTHO-PELAGIQUE DES CORAUX FIGURE 3: DEVELOPPEMENT EMBRYONACROPORA PULCHRA 'UN OVOCYTE NON FECON(A), 2 (B),

4 (C) > 4 (D), PUISAY ET AL., (2015).

FIGURE 4 : LES DIFFERENTS TYPES 'UN CORAIL SCLERACTIN, . FIGURE 5 : DIFFERENTES METHODES . ARBRE A CORAIL (A), (B), (C), (D). FIGURE 6 : LES DIFFERENTES ETAPE, CHAMBERLAND ET AL., (2015). COLONIE D'ACROPORA PALMATA (A), (B), 'ELEVAGE DE (C), (D), (E), (F). FIGURE 7 : SCHEMA DU CONTEXTE SC. DIFFERENTES COULEURS

FIGURE 8 : ESPECES DE CORAUX UTI. (A) ACROPORA

, (B) ACROPORA CYTHEREA, (C) POCILLOPORA DAMICORNI

FIGURE 9 : ESPECES . (A) ACROPORA

, (B) POCILLOPORA DAMICORNI, (C) PORITES RUS

Chapitre 2

FIGURE 1 : REDUCED FERTILIZATION(A) (B) A.

. THE TEMPERATURE OF EX-AXIS ON A SCALE FROM

26 34°C (N = 3000 ) . ERROR BARS REPRESENT

. (A) THE DOTTED LINE REPREDOSE RESPONSE MODEL (SEE METHODS). (B)

DIFFERENT LETTERS REP. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENC

TUKEY H , WITH Ȱ SET TO 0.05.

FIGURE 2 : FERTILIZATION SUCCESS(A, = 96), -EXPOSURE TIME (B, = 48), -

EXPOSURE TEMPERATURE(C, = 48), (D)

A. . EACH POINTS REPRESENT160 (A, B, C). DIFFERENT COLORS (A, B, C). FOR THE ESTIMATES, , , (D). FIGURE 3 : FERTILIZATION SUCCESS-EXPOSURE TIME (A, D, = 24), -EXPOSURE (B, E = 24), 27 (A, B), 30°C (D, E) (C, F)

A. . EACH POINTS REPRESENT160 . DIFFERENT COLOR

(A, B, D, E). FOR THE ESTIMATES, , , (D).

Chapitre 3

FIGURE 1 : EXPERIMENTAL SCHEME O: NUMBERS IN BOLD . NUMBERS IN BLUE INDIC,

FIGURE 2 : FERTILIZATION SUCCESS(A) (B)

26 34 °C (N = 3000 ) A. . ERROR BARS REPRESENT

. THE DASHED LINE REPRE. THE PRESENCE

TUKEY'S HONEST DIFFERENCE, Ȱ 0.05.

FIGURE 3 : LARVAL SURVIVAL PROBA26 34 °C (A), (B) 6 14 (N = 15 ) A. (N = 7 ). CURVES REPRESENTS LARKAPLAN

MEIER METHOD (A). THE PRESENCE OF THE S(A). THE

6, 8, 10, 12 14 (B). ERROR BARS REPRESENT .

FIGURE 4 : EFFECTS OF EXPOS1H AT 26, 30 32 °C (N = 1200 ) (A, B, C) (D, E, F) 26 °C A. . S = SPERMS, O = OOCYTES. THE NUMBER ASSOCIATEDS O . THE PRESENCE OF JUST . ERROR BARS REPRESENT . THE PRESENCE OF THE S

BASED ON TUKEY'S HONEST DIFFERENCE, Ȱ 0.05.

FIGURE 5 : EFFECTS OF 1 -EXPOSURE OF GAMETES 30 32 °C (N = 1200 ) (A) (B) 26, 30 32 °C A. . S = SPERMS, O = OOCYTES. THE NUMBER ASSOCIATEDS O -EXPOSURE TEMPERATURE. NP = NOT-RE- EXPOSED, F(X) = FERTILIZATION TEMPERATURE (°C). THE PRESENCE OF THE S TUKEY'S HONEST DIFFERENCE, Ȱ 0.05. ERROR BARS REPRESENT . FIGURE 6 : EFFECTS OF 1 , 1 30 2 -EXPOSURE OF GAMETES 27 30 °C (A, B, C, D, E,

F) (G, H, I, J, K, L) 27 30 °C (N = 1000 )

A. . S = SPERMS, O -EXPOSURE TEMPERATURE. THE EXPOSURE TIME WAS1 , 1 30, 2

4 30 (27 °C 30 °C). THE PRESENCE OF

. F(X) = FERTILIZATION TEMPERATURE (°C). ERROR . THE PRESENCE OF THE S

TUK'S HONEST DIFFERENCE, Ȱ 0.05.

FIGURE 7 : DAILY MEAN TEMPERATUR+/ SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER 2002. THESE TEMPERATURES WE HOBO® TEMP PRO V2 (ONSET HEADQUARTERS, BOURNE, MA, USA), 1 (FRINGING REEF MOOREA, 17°28.940'S/149°53.985'W, FRENCH POLYNESIA)

Chapitre 4

FIGURE 1 : TEMPORAL CHANGES OF T(A.) (B.)

TIAHUARA, MOOREA ISLAND, 1998 2015

FIGURE 2 : LARVAL SURVIVAL PROBAACROPORA CYTHEREA (FROM 26

34°C): (A) SURVIVAL AS A FU(DOSE MODEL RESPONSE); (B) SURVIVAL AS FUNCTION

(KAPLAN AND MEIER'S CURVES) (C) LETHAL TEMPERATURE ESTIMATED10, 25 50% . DIFFERENT LETTERS REP-RANK TEST. ERROR BARS FIGURE 3 : EFFECTS OF THERMAL PR-EXPOSURE ON EMBRYOS (A) 30 , (B) 120 (C) 270

27 30°C. NP = NOT PRE-EXPOSED(DOT LINE), P= PRE-EXPOSED AT 30°C (FULL LINE). @ =

X°C. LINES REPRESENT KAPLAN AND MEIER CURVES. DIFFERENT LETTERS REP, -RANK TEST. FIGURE 4 : EFFECTS OF 7D-OLD LARVAE -EXPOSURE AT 27 32°C 1, 6, 12 24

27 32°C. NP = NOT PRE-EXPOSED (DOT LINE), P= PRE-EXPOSED AT 32°C (FULL LINE). LINES REPRESENT

KAPLAN AND MEIER CURVES. DIFFERENT LETTERS REP, -RANK TEST. FIGURE 1 : DIFFERENT TYPES OF FL. A. ͞SWIMMING STATE". B A ͞SWIMMING STATE". C. THREE RED FLUORESCENT͞SWIMMING ", ͞DIAPAUSE-LIKE-STATE". FIGURE 2 : SEAWATER TEMPERATURE P. FEBRUARY, MARCH AND APRIL,

2016. A. DAILY AVERAGE OF SEAWMAHANA SITE FROM JANUARY TO MAY 2016. B.

SUM OF THE DAILY PROD(RED, ) P.

(N=10 ) FEBRUARY TO APRIL 2016. ARROWS REPRESENT DAY 1 .

FIGURE 3 : ZOOXANTHELLAE DENSITY.

A. ZOOXANTHELLAE PER CM² . THE

² 10. THE MEASURES OF ZOOXA

. B. PROPORTION OF EACH LA

FIGURE 4 : SURVIVAL RATES OF THE3, 5 7

FEBRUARY. EACH GRAPHICS IS SHOW

. THE EXPERIMENT WAS ST. THE SMALL LETTERS ARE (P-VALUE<0.01) . NOTE THAT NOT ALL DES

FIGURE 5 : RECRUITMENT RATE OF E. NOT ANY

MARCH AND APRIL. EACH POINT REPRESENTS. A

(P-VALUE = 0.03156)

FIGURE 6 : POST REFEBRUARY. A. SURVIVAL RATE

. NOTE THAT NOT ANY SUR . B. SURVIVAL RATE OF RECR

NOTE THAT NOT ALL DAY: 1, 2, 4

5 , 4, 5 7 ,

2 4

Chapitre 6

FIGURE 1 : TEMPERATURE (A) (B) TS50 (C) MOOREA TAHITI AND BORA BORA.

TEMPERATURE, 15 . TEMPERATURE REPRESENT

AUGUST 2014 DECEMBER 2016. TS50 . LUMINOSITY REPRESENT . THE STRAIGHT LINE REPTAHITI (HOEGH-ULDBERG,

1999).

FIGURE 2 : INERSPECIFIC VARIATIO(A), (B), (C) 3

, (N = 8 ). DATA ARE EXPRESSED AS± . A. = ACROPORA HYACINTHUS, P. = POCILLOPORA DAMIC, P. = PORITES RUS.

POINTS WITH DIFFERENT, TUKEY HSD, Ȱ

0.05, -RANK TEST FOR SURVIV. DIFFERENT CAPITAL LET

, TUKEY HSD, Ȱ 0.05. THE DASHED LINE REPRE 50%.
FIGURE 3 : RELATIVE DISTANCE PLA(RDPI) (N = 8 ). DATA REPRESENT THE

± . THE BLACK LINE REPRES, TUKEY HSD, Ȱ

0.05. FIGURE 4 : INTRASPECIFIC VARIATI(A, B, C), (D, E, F), (G, H, I)

3 , (N = 10 ). DATA ARE EXPRESSED AS±

. A. = ACROPORA HYACINTHUS, P. = POCILLOPORA DAMICORNI, P. = PORITES RUS. THE DIFFERENT LETTERSH, D R . POINTS WITH , TUKEY HSD, Ȱ 0.05, -RANK TEST FOR SURVIV. THE COLORS ASSOCIATED . THE DASHED LINE REPRE50%.

FIGURE 5 : HEATMAP AND CLUSTERIN, . H =

ACROPORA HYACINTHUS, D = POCILLOPORA DAMICORNI, R = PORITES RUS. THE DIFFERENTS LETTERH, P R .

Liste des Tableaux

Chapitre 2

TABLE 1 : GENERALIZED LINEAR MOACROPORA CYTHERE 27 30°C.

RESULTS OF RESTRICTED27 30°C .

TABLE 2 : RESULTS OF THE GENERAPSEUDO R² (27 30°C)

27 30°C

Chapitre 5

TABLE 1: RESULTS OF THE TWO WAANOVA, (HEALTH STATUS, ) .

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENC: *** < 0.001, Ȱ 0.05.

TABLE 2: RESULTS OF THE LOG-RANK TEST, , , .

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENC: *** < 0.001, Ȱ 0.05.

Liste des Equations

Chapitre 5

EQUATION 1 : GROWTH RATE

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