[PDF] MA-XRF imaging on René Magrittes La condition humaine: insights

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da Silva et al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

DOI 10.1186/s40494-017-0150-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

MA-XRF imaging on René Magritte's

La condition humaine: insights into the artist's

palette and technique and the discovery of a third quarter of La pose enchantée

AliceTavaresdaSilva

1* ,StijnLegrand 2 ,GeertVanderSnickt 2,3 ,RupertFeatherstone 1 ,KoenJanssens 2 andGiorgiaBottinelli 4

Abstract

Magritte'scompositionLa condition humaine,1935wasfoundtoconcealunderitspaintlayersanentirequarterof

alostcompositionbytheartist,untilrecentlyonlyknownfromasmallblack/whitecatalogueillustration - La pose

Keywords:RenéMagritte,La condition humaine,La pose enchantée,MacroscopicX-rayfluorescence,

MA-XRFscanning,Hiddenpainting

Introduction

?epaintingLa condition humaine(1935,54.2 × 73.2 ×

1.6 cm,RenéMagritteCatalogueRaisonné[RMCR]no.

390),showninFig. 1isbytheBelgiansurrealistartist

RenéMagritte(1898-1967).

ItisoneoffourvariantsentitledLa condition humaine

Open Access

*Correspondence:at225@cam.ac.uk 1

CambridgeCB224NE,UK

Page 2 of 9da Silva et al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

1936[
1 bitionLa trahison des images,atthePompidouCentre/ thefront(Fig. 2 a). thisversionof

La condition humaine

suchpractices. 1 ingbytheartist,

La pose enchantée

,datingfrom1927, 2 ](Fig. 2

In2013,aquarterofMagritte's

La pose enchantée

was 1

Examplesinclude:

trait. compositionentitled?eUnknownRole,1928. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v

FLDIQbDcP7E&sns

em 3 becameclearthat

Le Portrait

1935,concealedthetop

La pose enchantée ,whenexamining

Le modèle rouge

,1935 covered[ 4 ].Inthenextfewparagraphs,wewilldiscuss positionbecameknown.

Experimental

describedbyAlfeldet al.[ 5 ].Ameasuringheadismoved

USA)withadistanceofca8 mmbetweenthedetector

a10 WRhtargetX-raytube(Moxtek,USA)andaSDD of<145 eVatMn-K .?eincidentprimarybeamisata withapinholediameterof0.8 mm.FortheMagritte anareameasuring54.2 × 73.2 cm 2 ,withastepsizeof

750 µmandadwelltimeof200 ms/step;X-raytubeset

tingswere45 kVand200 µA.?eensuingdatacubewas ware[ 6 ]andtheX-rayspectrometrysoftwarepackages

PyMcA[

7 ]andbAxil[ 8 absorptioneffects. Fig. 1 RenéMagritte,La condition humaine(TheHumanCondition,

1935).Oiloncanvas,54.2

73.2
1.6 cm.

NorfolkMuseumsService

Page 3 of 9daSilvaet al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

Fig. 2 aReverseofLa condition humaine(surfacecomposition)

NorfolkMuseumsService,

b

RenéMagritte,

La pose enchantée

,(TheEnchanted red dotted line

La condition humaine

Page 4 of 9da Silva et al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

sistingoflighterelements).

Results and discussion

Asmentionedearlier,

La condition humaine

1935,is

paintedoveraquarterof

La pose enchantée

1927,ina

similarwaytoLe portraitandLe modèle rouge.Together latterpaintings,

La condition humaine

exposedenough tivelylinkittothemissingpaintingasillustratedinFig. 2.

La pose enchantée

anddeterminewhichpartwasactually concealedunderthecurrentpainting. 3 quarterof

La pose enchantée

canbemade,asillustrated inFig. 4.Otherfeaturessuchaspartofthecolumnand rotatedover90°beforerepainting. riedouton

Le portrait

and

Le modèle rouge

whilstpainting

La pose enchantée

and

La condition

humaine.

The hidden painting:

Laposeenchantée

XRFscanofthepaintingcanbeseeninFig.

5

Distinctfeaturesfromtheunderlying

La pose enchan

tée proposedlayerbuild-upofLe portrait,thattheearli groundlayer[ 9 ].Infact,thezincdistributionmapshows tothecanvas.Asinthecaseofthe

Le Portrait

,thezinc calcium - Caispresent),coveredbyathinnerlead(Pb) - richground. atedwiththeupperpainting,

La condition humaine

Fig. 3

X-rayradiographofLa condition humaine.

HamiltonKerr

Institute

Page 5 of 9daSilvaet al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

ciumortheironsignals.

The surface painting:

Laconditionhumaine

Initiallayoutof thecomposition

entformsofironoxide[ 10 ,11].Inaddition,thedistribu- shades. composition. ashighlights.

Build-upof compositionand detail

(VanderSnicktet al.[ 9 ])Magritteseemstohaveused Fig. 4

aLa pose enchantée - detailoflowerrightquarter.bX-rayradiographofLa condition humainerotated180°

HamiltonKerrInstitute.The

red

Page 6 of 9da Silva et al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

boneblack[ 12 ],bothinpureformbutalsomixedwith browns. (Sn)impliesthatMagritteusedceruleanblue (CoSnO 3 detectedatmuchlowerintensities. Fig. 5

Normallightimage,X-rayradiograph(XRR)andMA-XRFelementaldistributionmapsdetectedinLa condition humaine;whiteequalshigh

intensity, black lowintensity

Page 7 of 9daSilvaet al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

andFe. ?euseofchromiumoxidegreenand/orviridian enceofchromium(Cr).Newman[ 13 ]mentionsthese canonlyassumetobefromMagritte'shand(Fig. 6 possiblybothtypesofthechromiumoxide. anapproximateformulaof Cr 2 O 3 CoO Al 2 O 3 ,alsomen- tionedbyNewman[ 13 ]andWehlte[ 14 ]appearstobe ?egreenpaintseeninFig. 6islikelytorelatetothe pigmentspresent(e.g.in situRaman,FTIR,XRD).

Theeasel,thecanvas,thecastleand the?re

?eiron(Fe)mapshowsclearlythattheeaselwas tinuousbehindtheshapesoftheeasellegs. blue. Fig. 6

DetailsfromthereverseofLa condition humaine(Fig.2a):showing olive greenpaintonthe left edgeofcanvasandafingerprintinamore

translucent green paintonthe right edge black inscriptionisalsoalmostcertainlypainted byMagritte

Page 8 of 9da Silva et al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

althoughherewithamuchfaintersignal. 10 ].A shieldtheironsignalfrombelow(Fig. 5 low/orangepigment[ 15 ,16].?edeeperredandorange andPb.?epresenceofbothleadandchromiumsug anironoxidered(Fe).

Laposeenchantée

: MA-XRF on the turnover edge

Elementalimaging(seeFig. 7)wasalsoperformedonthe

turnoveredgewherethepaintof

La pose enchantée

is thishiddencomposition(Fig. 7 et al.[ 9 ]).?ezincrichgroundiscoveredbyathinprim oxide.Accordingtotheliterature[ 17 ],Magritteandoth fortherenderingofthesky. Fig. 7

ElementaldistributionmapsanddetailfromthereverseofLa condition humaineshowingtheturnoveredgewiththeexposedunderlying

red

Page 9 of 9daSilvaet al. Herit Sci (2017) 5:37

thepaletteoftheunderlyingpainting - thatthewallis reconstructionimageofMagritte's

La pose enchantée

4 18

Conclusion

?eelementalidentificationandmappingof

La condi-

tion humaine

1935,alsocontainingasectionof

La pose

enchantée ,1927,provideduswithfurtherinformation mentsonasinglecompositionalfeature. career.

Authors' contributions

Author details

1

HamiltonKerrInstitute,Universityof

Cambridge,Cambridge

CB224NE,UK.

2

Departmentof

Chemistry

AXESGroup,Universityof

Antwerp,Groenen

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