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IAMSAR Manual

INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND

MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE MANUAL

Volume I

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

2006 Edition

incorporating 2001, 2002, 2003,

2004 and 2005 amendments

B

IMOIMO/ICAO

London/Montreal, 2006

Published jointly in 2006 by the

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, United Kingdom

and the

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7

First edition 1998

Second edition 2002

Third edition 2003

Fourth edition 2004

Fifth edition 2006

This edition printed in Canada by ICAO

ISBN 92-9194-796-2

Copyright

© IMO/ICAO 2006

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the

International Maritime Organization or

the International Civil Aviation Organization.ICAO PUBLICATION

ICAO sales number: 9731P1

Foreword

The primary purpose of the three volumes of theInternational Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual

(IAMSAR Manual) is to assist States in meeting their own search and rescue (SAR) needs, and the obligations they

accepted under the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the International Convention on Maritime Search

and Rescue and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). These volumes provide

guidelines for a common aviation and maritime approach to organizing and providing SAR services. States are

encouraged to develop and improve their SAR services, co-operate with neighbouring States and to consider their

SAR services to be part of a global system.

Each volume of the IAMSAR Manual is written with specific SAR system duties in mind, and can be used as a stand-

alone document, or, in conjunction with the other two Manuals, as a means to attain a full view of the SAR system.

TheOrganization and Managementvolume (volume I) discusses the global SAR system concept, establishment and

improvement of national and regional SAR systems and co-operation with neighbouring States to provide effective

and economical SAR services;

TheMission Co-ordinationvolume (volume II) assists personnel who plan and co-ordinate SAR operations and

exercises; and

TheMobile Facilitiesvolume (volume III) is intended to be carried aboard rescue units, aircraft, and vessels to help

with performance of a search, rescue, or on-scene co-ordinator function and with aspects of SAR that pertain to their

own emergencies.

Organization and Management Manual

Chapter 1presents an overview of the SAR concept, including what is involved in providing SAR services, and why

such services are required and beneficial. The SAR system is examined from a global, regional and national

perspective.

Chapter 2introduces some of the key components of the SAR system. These include communications, rescue co-

ordination centres and sub-centres, operational and support facilities and the on-scene co-ordinator.

Chapter 3considers the use of training, qualification, and certification processes to develop professionally

competent SAR personnel. A number of aspects of training and of exercises used for training, are examined in detail.

Chapter 4describes the communications needs of the SAR organization for reception of distress alerts and for

supporting effective co-ordination among the various components of the SAR system. Chapter 5provides an overall management perspective of the SAR system.

Chapter 6discusses the necessary factors and recommends some techniques for creating an organizational

environment that fosters improvement of services.

This Manual is published jointly by the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime

Organization. It has been updated from the first and second editions by including the amendments that were

adopted by the seventy-fourth session of the IMO Maritime Safety Committee in June 2001 (which entered into

force on 1 July 2002), by the seventy-fifth session in May 2002 (which entered into force on 1 July 2003), by the

seventy-seventh session in June 2003 (which apply as from 1 July 2004) and by the seventy-eighth session in May

2004 (which apply as from 1 July 2005) and by the eightieth session in May 2005 (which apply from 1 June 2006).

iii

Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................................................ vii

Glossary....................................................................................................................................... ix

Chapter 1 General System Concept

1.1Establishing Services................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2Benefits of Services.................................................................................................. 1-1

1.3Legal Basis for Services............................................................................................ 1-2

1.4Basic System Functions............................................................................................ 1-2

1.5System Management and Support............................................................................ 1-2

1.6The Global Concept................................................................................................ 1-3

1.7National and Regional Systems................................................................................. 1-4

1.8SAR and the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols..................... 1-4

Chapter 2 System Components

2.1SAR as a System...................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2Communications...................................................................................................... 2-1

2.3Rescue Co-ordination Centres.................................................................................. 2-3

2.4Rescue Sub-Centres................................................................................................. 2-7

2.5SAR Facilities........................................................................................................... 2-8

2.6On-scene Co-ordinator and Aircraft Co-ordinator...................................................... 2-9

2.7Support Facilities...................................................................................................... 2-9

Chapter 3 Training, Qualification, Certification and Exercises

3.1Building Professionalism........................................................................................... 3-1

3.2Training Specifics..................................................................................................... 3-2

3.3Exercises.................................................................................................................. 3-5

Chapter 4 Communications

4.1Introduction............................................................................................................. 4-1

4.2Basic Functions and Requirements............................................................................ 4-1

4.3Important Factors for SAR Communications.............................................................. 4-2

4.4Mobile Equipment................................................................................................... 4-4

4.5Land-Based Infrastructure......................................................................................... 4-5

4.6Supplemental Capabilities........................................................................................ 4-8

4.7MEDICO Communications....................................................................................... 4-9

4.8Radio call signs for aircraft....................................................................................... 4-9

v

Chapter 5 System Management

5.1Understanding the SAR System................................................................................ 5-1

5.2Planning Processes................................................................................................... 5-2

5.3Organization........................................................................................................... 5-4

5.4Resources................................................................................................................ 5-8

5.5Leadership and Operations......................................................................................5-11

5.6System Assessment..................................................................................................5-11

5.7Dealing with the Media...........................................................................................5-13

Chapter 6 Improving Services

6.1Managing for Success.............................................................................................. 6-1

6.2Reducing System Problems...................................................................................... 6-2

6.3Co-operating to Improve Services............................................................................. 6-2

6.4Reducing Response Time......................................................................................... 6-4

6.5Mass Rescue Operations.......................................................................................... 6-6

6.6Research and Development..................................................................................... 6-7

6.7Other Factors.......................................................................................................... 6-7

Appendix ASample Legislation Establishing a SAR Organization

Appendix BSupply Colour Coding and Pictograms

Appendix CSources for SAR Assistance

Appendix DInformation Sources

Appendix EFalse Alerts

Appendix FAlerting and Locating Capability Preferences for New Mobile Satellite Systems Used for Distress Alerting; Search and Rescue and Disaster Support Capabilities Matrix for Commercial Mobile Satellite Services (CMSS) in the Post-Alerting Phase

Appendix GMobile Communication Services

Appendix HNational Self-Assessment on Search and Rescue

Appendix ISAR Agreements

Appendix JSample Terms of Reference for a SAR Co-ordinating Committee Index vi

Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACC...............................................area control centre ACO...............................................aircraft co-ordinator AES.......................................aeronautical earth station AFN.....................................aeronautical fixed network AFTN.......aeronautical fixed telecommunications network AIP.......................Aeronautical Information Publication AIS............................aeronautical information services AM...........................................amplitude modulation AMS....................................aeronautical mobile service AMS(R)S........aeronautical mobile satellite (route) service AMSS.......................aeronautical mobile satellite service Amver............automated mutual-assistance vessel rescue ANC....................................AirNavigation Commission ARCC................aeronautical rescue co-ordination centre ARSC..............................aeronautical rescue sub-centre ATC...................................................airtraffic control ATN...............aeronautical telecommunications network ATS..................................................airtraffic services CES................................................coast earth station Cospas......Space System for Search of Vessels in Distress CRS................................................coast radio station C/S...............................................................call sign CW..................................................continuous wave DF....................................................direction finding DME...............................distance measuring equipment DRU.................................................desert rescue unit DSC...........................................digital selective calling ELT................................emergency locator transmitter EPIRB............emergency position-indicating radio beacon FIC.........................................flight information centre FIR.........................................flight information region FM...........................................frequency modulation ground earth station GLONASS.....Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System GMDSS........Global Maritime Distress and Safety System GNSS........................Global Navigation Satellite Systems GPS.......................................global positioning system

HF.....................................................high frequencyICAO.................International Civil Aviation Organization

IFR............................................instrument flight rules ILS......................................instrument landing system IMC......................instrument meteorological conditions IMO........................International Maritime Organization IMSO..............International Mobile Satellite Organization Inmarsat.........................Satellite communication service provider for the GMDSS INS.......................................inertial navigation system ITU..................International Telecommunication Union JRCC............................joint (aeronautical and maritime) rescue co-ordination centre LES..................................................land earth station LUT................................................local user terminal MCC...........................................mission control centre MF................................................medium frequency MMSI............................maritime mobile service identity MRCC....................maritime rescue co-ordination centre MRO...........................................mass rescue operation MRSC..................................maritime rescue sub-centre MRU.............................................mountain rescue unit MSI....................................maritime safety information NBDP...................................narrow-band direct printing NM.........................................................nautical mile NOTAM..............................................notice to airmen OSC............................................on-scene co-ordinator OSV............................................offshore supply vessel PLB........................................personal locator beacon PRU............................................parachute rescue unit R&D.....................................research and development RANP...................................regional air navigation plan RCC....................................rescue co-ordination centre RF....................................................radio frequency RSC..................................................rescue sub-centre RTG....................................................radio telegraphy SAR.................................................search and rescue Sarsat.............Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking SART......................search and rescue radar transponder SC.................................................. SARco-ordinator

2005 amendment:highlighted text applies as from 1 June 2006

vii SCC................................SARCo-ordinating Committee SDP.................................................SARdata provider SES..................................................ship earth station SITREP..................................................situation report SMC.......................................SARmission co-ordinator SOLAS...........................International Convention for the

Safety of Life at Sea

SPOC............................................SARpoint of contact SRR.......................................search and rescue region SRS.................................search and rescue sub-region

SRU..........................................search and rescue unitTLX....................................................................telex

UHF..............................................ultra-high frequency UIR...............................upper flight information region USAR.......................................urban search and rescue UTC....................................co-ordinated universal time VFR...................................................visual flight rules VHF...............................................very-high frequency VMC.............................visual meteorological conditions VOR............................VHFomnidirectional radio range WMO......................World Meteorological Organization viii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Glossary

Aircraft co-ordinator (ACO)A personor team who co-ordinates the involvement of multiple aircraft in

SAR operations

in support of the SAR mission co-ordinator and on-scene co-ordinator. Alert phaseA situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft or marine vessel and of the persons on board. Alerting postAny facility intended to serve as an intermediary between a person reporting an emergency and a rescue co-ordination centre or rescue sub-centre. AmverA world-wide ship reporting system for search and rescue.

Area control centre (ACC)An air traffic control facility primarily responsible for providing ATC services to

IFR aircraft in controlled areas under its jurisdiction. CaptainMaster of a ship or pilot-in-command of an aircraft, commanding officer of a warship or an operator of any other vessel.

Coast earth station (CES)Maritime name for an Inmarsat shore-based station linking ship earth stations

with terrestrial communications networks. Cospas-Sarsat systemA satellite system designed to detect distress beacons transmitting on the frequencies 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz. CraftAny air or sea-surface vehicle, or submersible of any kind or size.

Digital Selective Calling (DSC)A technique using digital codes which enables a radio station to establish

contact with, and transfer information to, another station or group of stations. Direction finding (DF)Homing on signals to pinpoint a position. Distress alertingThe reporting of a distress incident to a unit which can provide or co-ordinate assistance. Distress phaseA situation wherein there is reasonable certainty that a vessel or other craft, including an aircraft or a person, is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance. DitchingThe forced landing of an aircraft on water.

Emergency locator transmitter

(ELT)Aeronautical radio distress beacon for alerting and transmitting homing signals. Emergency phaseA generic term meaning, as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phase or distress phase.

Emergency position-indicating

radio beacon (EPIRB)A device, usually carried aboard maritime craft, that transmits a signal that alerts search and rescue authorities and enables rescue units to locate the scene of the distress.

Flight information centre (FIC)A unit established to provide flight information and alerting services.

General communicationsOperational and public correspondence, traffic other than distress, urgency and safety messages, transmitted or received by radio.

2005 amendment:highlighted text applies as from 1 June 2006

ix

Global Maritime Distress and

Safety System (GMDSS)A global communications service based upon automated systems, both satellite-based and terrestrial, to provide distress alerting and promulgation of maritime safety information for mariners.

Global positioning system

(GPS)A specific satellite-based system used in conjunction with mobile equipment to determine the precise position of the mobile equipment. InmarsatA system of geostationary satellites for world-wide mobile communications services and which support the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System and other emergency communications systems.

Joint rescue co-ordination

centre (JRCC)A rescue co-ordination centre responsible for both aeronautical and maritime search and rescue incidents. Local user terminal (LUT)An earth receiving station that receives beacon signals relayed by Cospas- Sarsat satellites, processes them to determine the location of the beacons and forwards the signals.

Mass rescue operation (MRO)Search and rescue services characterized by the need for immediate response

to large numbers of persons in distress, such that the capabilities normally available to search and rescue authorities are inadequate.

Mission control centre (MCC)Part of the Cospas-Sarsat system that accepts alert messages from the local

user terminal(s) and other mission control centres to distribute to the appropriate rescue co-ordination centres or other search and rescue points of contact. NAVAREAOne of 16 areas into which the world"s oceans are divided by the International Maritime Organization for dissemination of navigation and meteorological warnings. NAVTEXThe system for the broadcast and automatic reception of maritime safety information by means of narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy. On-scene co-ordinator (OSC)A person designated to co-ordinate search and rescue operations within a specified area.

Personal locator beacon (PLB)Personal radio distress beacon for alerting and transmitting homing signals.

Pilot-in-commandThe pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time. RescueAn operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their initial medical or other needs and deliver them to a place of safety.

Rescue co-ordination centre

(RCC)A unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search and rescue services and for co-ordinating the conduct of search and rescue operations within a search and rescue region. Note: The termRCCwill be used within this Manual to apply to either aeronautical or maritime centres;ARCCorMRCCwill be used as the context warrants. Rescue sub-centre (RSC)A unit subordinate to a rescue co-ordination centre established to complement the latter according to particular provisions of the responsible authorities. Note: The termRSCwill be used within this Manual except where it applies only to aeronautical or maritime;ARSCorMRSCwill then be used.

2005 amendment:highlighted text applies as from 1 June 2006

x

Glossary

SafetyNETA service of Inmarsat enhanced group call (EGC) system specifically designed for promulgation of maritime safety information (MSI) as a part of the Global

Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS).

SearchAn operation, normally co-ordinated by a rescue co-ordination centre or rescue sub-centre, using available personnel and facilities to locate persons in distress.

Search and rescue co-ordinating

communicationsCommunications necessary for the co-ordination of facilities participating in a search and rescue operation.

Search and rescue co-ordinator

(SC)One or more persons or agencies within an Administration with overall responsibility for establishing and providing SAR services and ensuring that planning for those services is properly co-ordinated.

Search and rescue data provider

(SDP)A source for a rescue co-ordination centre to contact to obtain data to support search and rescue operations, including emergency information from communications equipment registration databases, ship reporting systems and environmental data systems (e.g., weather or sea current). Search and rescue facilityAny mobile resource, including designated search and rescue units, used to conduct search and rescue operations.

Search and rescue mission

co-ordinator (SMC)The official temporarily assigned to co-ordinate response to an actual or apparent distress situation. Search and rescue planA general term used to describe documents which exist at all levels of the national and international search and rescue structure to describe goals, arrangements and procedures which support the provision of search and rescue services.

Search and rescue point of

contact (SPOC)Rescue co-ordination centres and other established and recognized national points of contact which can accept responsibility to receive Cospas-Sarsat alert data to enable the rescue of persons in distress.

Search and rescue region (SRR)An area of defined dimensions, associated with a rescue co-ordination centre,

within which search and rescue services are provided. Search and rescue serviceThe performance of distress monitoring, communication, co-ordination and search and rescue functions, including provision of medical advice, initial medical assistance, or medical evacuation, through the use of public and private resources, including co-operating aircraft, vessels and other craft and installations.

Search and rescue sub-region

(SRS)A specified area within a search and rescue region associated with a rescue sub-centre.

Search and rescue unit (SRU)A unit composed of trained personnel and provided with equipment suitable

for the expeditious conduct of search and rescue operations. Search objectA ship, aircraft, or other craft missing or in distress or survivors or related search objects or evidence for which a search is being conducted. Uncertainty phaseA situation wherein doubt exists as to the safety of an aircraft or a marine vessel, and of the persons on board.quotesdbs_dbs1.pdfusesText_1

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