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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark was written by Shakespeare between 1599 and 1602.

Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential.It has inspired writers

from Goethe and Dickens to Joyce. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatizes the revenge Prince Hamlet on his uncle

Claudius for the murder of Hamlet's father in order to take his throne and this wife Gertrude. Denmark

has a long-standing feud with neighbouring Norway, and an invasion led by the Norwegian prince,

Fortinbras, is expected. The play vividly portrays the themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral

corruption as well as Hamlet's true and feigned madness and emotional changes going from

overwhelming grief to rage. Shakespeare created the title role for Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian

of the time. Two different quartos (one from 1676 and the second discovered in 1823) of the play and one

folio version (in the First Folio 1623) are preserved. Each version includes lines, and even entire scenes,

missing from the others. One such example is the centuries-old debate about Hamlet's hesitation to kill his

uncle, which some see as a mere plot device to prolong the action, but which others argue is a

dramatization of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder,

calculated revenge, and thwarted desire. Traditionally, editors of Shakespeare's plays have divided them

into five acts. None of the early texts of Hamlet, however, were arranged this way, and the play's division

into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto. The 1823 quarto contains stage directions that reveal

actual stage practices in a way that the 1676 and the first folio do not. The play opens on a cold winter midnight on "platform before the castle" of Elsinore. The sentry

Francisco is keeping trusty guard when two figures appear in the darkness, Horatio (Hamlet's friend) and

Marcellus (an officer) who are coming to visit Bernardo (another officer). They discuss the recent

appearance of a "dreaded sight" perhaps their "fantasy". The ghost appears, and is described by the three

witnesses as looking like the late King Hamlet. They endeavour to open a conversation with it, but it

disappears and later wanders back as the three men discuss Danish politics and Fortinbras' invasion. They

decide to tell prince Hamlet. The scene shifts to a "room of state in the castle" where Claudius and

Gertrude talk with Laertes and his father Polonius (Lord Chamberlain) about his trip to France. The King

and Queen then turn to Hamlet, still in deep mourning for his father and they try to persuade him to

lighten up. When they leave, he soliloquizes that his mother jumped into a new marriage too quickly after

the death. Marcellus, Horatio and the sentry come in and tell Hamlet about the ghost. Hamlet resolves to

see the ghost himself. Two of Hamlet's friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are told to discover the

cause of Hamlet's mood. Hamlet greets them warmly, but he quickly discerns that they are spies. That

night, the ghost appears to Hamlet and tells him that Claudius murdered him by pouring poison in his ear,

and demands that Hamlet avenges him. Ophelia, who attempts to court Hamlet, meets Hamlet secretly

and is alarmed by his behaviour and she tells her father Polonius. At their next meeting Hamlet, thinking

of his mother's treason, accuses Ophelia of immodesty and tell her she should go to a nunnery. Uncertain

of the Ghost's reliability, Hamlet sees a troupe of actors at Elsinore and asks them to stage a play re-

enacting his father's murder to determine Claudius's reaction. After seeing the performance, Claudius

abruptly rises and leaves the room: proof positive for Hamlet of his uncle's guilt. Gertrude summons Hamlet to her bedchamber to demand an explanation. On his way, Hamlet passes Claudius in prayer but

hesitates to kill him, reasoning that death in prayer would send him to heaven rather than hell. In the

bedchamber, a furious row erupts between Hamlet and his mother. Polonius spies behind a tapestry,

makes a noise, and Hamlet, believing it is Claudius, stabs wildly, killing him. The ghost appears again,

urging Hamlet to treat Gertrude gently but kill Claudius. Gertrude takes Hamlet's conversation with the

ghost as further evidence of madness. Claudius banishes Hamlet to England closely watched by

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Demented by grief at her father's death, Ophelia wanders Elsinore

singing. Her brother, Laertes, arrives back from France. Claudius convinces him that Hamlet is

responsible for his father's death and his sister's madness, and proposes a fencing match between Laertes

and Hamlet with poison-tipped swords. Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has been found

drowned. In the next scene, two gravediggers discuss Ophelia's apparent suicide. Hamlet arrives back

from England with Horatio and banters with a gravedigger, who unearths the skull of a jester from

Hamlet's childhood, Yorick. Ophelia's funeral procession approaches, led by Laertes, their fight is broken

up and resumed at the fencing (duel). Laertes pierces Hamlet with a poisoned blade but is fatally

wounded by it himself. Gertrude accidentally drinks poisoned wine intended for Hamlet and dies. In his

dying moments, Laertes is reconciled with Hamlet and reveals Claudius's murderous plot. In his own last

moments, Hamlet manages to kill Claudius and names Fortinbras as his heir. According to a popular theory, Shakespeare's main source is believed to be an earlier play - now lost - known today as the Ur-Hamlet, possibly written by Thomas Kyd (and Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy)

or even himself, the Ur-Hamlet. The core of the story may of Indo-European origin (i.e. the anonymous

Scandinavian Saga of Hrolf Kraki, the Roman legend of Brutus, and the 13th-century Vita Amlethi or The

Life of Amleth by Saxo Grammaticus, part of Gesta Danorum, translated into French in 1570 by François

de Belleforest, in his Histoires tragiques, are among the possible sources). Catholicism can reveal

important paradoxes in Hamlet's decision process, and seems to be an many critics have found traces of

Calvin's predestinarian theology in Shakespeare's playmportant element, possibly deriving from previous

sources to the play but also (perhaps) from Shakespeare's mother (the ghost is in Purgatory; Ophelia's

burial seems to be uniquely Catholic too). However, it is mentioned that Hamlet has studied at Wittenberg

(now Halle-Wittenberg, the first university established by Luther in Germany). Many critics have found

traces of Calvin's predestinarian theology in Shakespeare's play, the idea that conscience, derived directly

from God's plan, may be a more powerful force than law. These ideas may have also influence the move

away from absolute monarchy in the following century (before the Glorious Revolution against James II

in 1688; it is important to explore this topic in relation to Shakespeare's historical dramas as well). The

play also seems to oscillate between medieval responses and renaissance individualism and humanism, exemplified in Hamlet's scepticism.

From its premiere at the turn of the 17th century, Hamlet has remained Shakespeare's most-

analyzed play. The character of Hamlet played a critical role in Sigmund Freud's explanation of the

Oedipus complex and thus influenced modern psychology. T. S. Eliot in his noted essay "Hamlet and His

Problems," downplayed such psychological emphasis of the play.1 In creating Hamlet, Shakespeare broke several rules, one of the largest being the rule of action

over character. In his day, plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics,

which declared that a drama should not focus on character so much as action. The highlights of Hamlet,

however, are not the action scenes, but the soliloquies, wherein Hamlet reveals his motives and thoughts

to the audience. The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action, perhaps intentional

to add to the theme of emotional confusion. At one point, Hamlet is resolved to kill Claudius: in the next

scene, changes his mind. Hamlet's language is likewise rhetoric and profuse in metaphors but also uses

anaphora, asyndeton and ironic and sardonic puns to break free (the play is full of constraint imagery -

prison-burial-like) and reveal his real inner thoughts to the audience. Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare's only son, Hamnet. However, Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare's

grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy (Greenblatt 2004)2. The topic is also

addressed by James Joyce in episode 9 of Ulysses, where one of his protagonists, Stephen Dedalus,

discusses his theory on Hamlet, which is non other than that of Joyce himself. This theory is one of the

fundamental thematic threads in Joyce's novel.3

2Greenblatt, Stephen. "The Death of Hamnet and the Making of Hamlet." N.Y. Review of Books 51.16 (21 Oct. 2004).

3 See also Quillian, William H. Hamlet and the New Poetic: James Joyce and T. S. Eliot. Ann Arbor, Michigan:UMI Research

Press, 1983.

Cheng, Vincent John. "Review of William Quillian's Hamlet and the New Poetic: Joyce and Eliot." James Joyce Quarterly, 24,

No. 1 (Fall 1986), 101-106.

Kidd, John. "The Genetic Joyce: A Retrospective Review," The James Joyce Literary Supplement 1.2 (Fall 1987): 11.

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